Erlichiosis and Anaplasmosis Flashcards
erlichosis is caused by what kind of pathogen
- bacteria
erlichiosis/anaplasmosis is caused by what kind of vector
- tick
anaplasmosis is caused by what kind of pathogen
- bacteria
leishmaniasiasis is caused by what kind of pathogen
- protozoa
trypanosomiasis is caused by what kind of pathogen
- protozoa
After a mammalian host is infected with a vector-borne parasite, what has to happen before it becomes infectious?
- Intrinsic incubation period
The intrinsic incubation period occurs in the _____ host
- mammalian (i.e. deer)
- host becomes infectious
The extrinsic incubation period occurs in the ____ host
- arthropod (i.e. tick)
The extrinsic incubation period is the time that it takes for the ___ to become infectious
- vector
Ehrlichia chafeensis infects what cell type?
- Monocytes
- mononuclear phagocytes
Ehrlichia chafeensis causes
- HME
Anaplasma phagocytophilum infects what cell types?
- Granulocytes (neutrophils)
Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes
- HGA
Malaria species infects
- red blood cells
- liver cells
Babesia microti infects _____
red blood cells
Trypanosoma species infects
- monocytes
- macrophages
Leishmania species infects
- macrophages
- reticuloendothelial cells
Ehrlichia & Anaplasma are a part of the ______ family
Rickettsia
Ehrlichia & Anaplasma are obligate intracellular, gram ____ bacteria and are ____ borne
negative; tick
The lone star tick is infected with _____
- Ehrlichia
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) causes ____ and sepsis
Fever
Where and when in the US does ehrlichiosis predominate?
- Southeast to south central US;
- spring and summer
Risk factors for contracting ehrlichiosis
- Hiking and other outdoor sports
- Exposure to wildlife
Vector for Ehrlichiosis
- Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)
Animal reservoirs for ehrlichiosis
- white tail deer
- dogs
- coyotes
Other routes of transmission of ehrlichiosis:
◦Maternal-child
◦Blood transfusion
◦Direct contact with slaughtered deer
Human monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME) blood smear finding
- See morulae in the monocytes
- look like mulberries
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is caused by what arthropod?
- Black-legged tick or deer tick
Anaplasmosis occurs in what region of the US?
- Upper Midwest and Northeast US
High seroprevalence of anaplasmosis means that there is likely a lot of_______ transmission
- asymptomatic
Deer ticks or black-legged ticks with anaplasma may be co-infected with Borrelia (cause of Lyme’s disease) or ____
- Babesia
Nosocomial transmission of _____ has been noted
Anaplasma
_____ may be transmitted person-person as seen in China
- Anaplasma
Peripheral blood smear of anaplasmosis
- Morulae seen in neutrphils
- in contrast to seeing morulae in monocytes in ehrlichiosis
GI symptoms are more frequent in ehrlichiosis/ anaplasmmosis
rash symptoms are more frequent in ehrlichiosis/ anaplasmmosis
- ehrlichiosis
- ehrlichiosis
In ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis, what is the incubation period?
- 1-2 weeks after bite with infected tick
Acute febrile illness is common in infections with:
- Ehrlichia and anaplasma
Between Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis, which condition has a higher mortality rate and is more severe and life threatening?
- Ehrlichiosis
If you think that someone has ehrlichiosis or anaplasmosis, but you are waiting for confirmation, should you delay treatment with doxycycline?
- No, that can mean that the illness becomes serious and that may lead to hospitalization and manual ventilation and death
What is the best antibiotic to treat ehrlichiosis or anaplasmosis?
Why is it best?
- doxycycline (which is a tetracycline);
- best becasue it accumulates inside of the bacteria
Trophozoites refers to what forms of protozoa?
- motile, feeding, reproducing forms
Mastigotes refers to what kind of form of protozoa?
- Flagellated
Merozoites, schizonts, gametes, oocysts all refer to what stage of protozoan development?
- Sexual stages
Peripheral blood smear of someone with babesiosis
- The Maltese cross is characteristic of babesiosis
Babesiosis is reported in what regions of the US?
- Northeast and upper midwest
What is the vector for babesia?
- Nymphal stage of the black-legged tick or deer tick
What is the animal reservoir for babesia?
- White-footed mouse
What may the clinical maifestations for Babesia be?
- Asymptomatic or can present with flu-like symptoms
- Hemolytic anemia with dark urine
- What populations of people are at a high risk of severe, life-threatening disease when infected with babesia?
- Those without a spleen
- Immunocompromised
- Advanced age
It can be difficult to distinguish a babesia blood smear from a ______ smear due to the similarites in the trophozoite (ring stage)
plasmodium (malaria)
What are the 2 types of leishmaniasis?
- Visceral
- Cutaneous and mucocutaneous
Leishmaniases infect what cell type?
- Macrophages
What is the vector for leishmaniases?
- sand fly
Kala-azar (Hindi for black fever) refers to what diseases?
where is this condition also found?
- visceral leishmaniases
- Brazil
In some regions, humans may be a reservoir for this parasitic infection along with small rodents
- leishmaniases
Other routes of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis
◦Blood transfusion
◦IV Drug use, needle sharing
◦Congenital
Clinical manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis
* Irregular bouts of fever
* Substantial weight loss
* Swelling of spleen and liver
* Serious anemia
* Untreated, fatality rate in developing countries 100% within 2 years Post-kala-azar dermal manifestations
Peripheral blood smear of someone with lieshmaniasis
- Infected macrophage with amastigote and kinetoblast
Visualization of the kinetoplast is important for diagnostic purposes, to be confident the patient has _________
leishmaniasis
In a bone marrow or spleen aspirate, what cells will you be looking for to have within them amastigotes for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis?
- macrophages
African trypanosomiasis is known as
- Sleeping sickness
American trypanosomiasis is known as
- Chagas disease
T. brucei causes
sleeping sickness
T. cruzi causes
- Chagas disease
vector for sleeping sickness
- tsetse fly
vector for chagas disease
- reduviid kissing bug
Sleeping sickness is seen in _____
Chagas disease is seen in _____
- Africa
- Latin and South America
Animal reservoir of Chaga’s disease
◦armadillos
raccoons
◦also dogs
guinea pigs
rats
How does the reduviid bug transmit T. cruzi?
- It bites and then poops in the place where it bit on the person’s face normally
- the parasites are in the big’s GI tract
Death due to Chagas is usaully due to _____ problems
- Cardiac
Romana’s sign is seen in what disease?
What does Romana’s sign look like
Chaga’s
- swelling of eyelids near the bite or where feces was rubbed into the eye
In acute infection of trypanosomiasis, what will be seen on a blood smear?
* extracellular trypomastigotes
In chronic infection of trypanosomiasis, what will be seen in the bone marrow aspirate or muscle biopsy?
* Intracellular amastigotes
1.
2.
diagosis
- PMN
- infected monocyte with morula
Ehrlichiosis
what is seen in this slide?
diagnosis
- morulae in neutrophils
Anaplasmosis
What is the diagnosis?
How do you know?
- babesia
- maltese cross
What is the diagnosis?
What stage
1.
2.
3.
Babesia
- merozoites
- trophozoites (ring stage)
- merozoite tetrad
What is the diagnosis?
How do you know?
- leischmaniasis
amastigote in macrophage
what is seen here?
diagnosis
- extracellular trypomastigotes in blood smear
- acute trypanosmiasis
what is seen here?
diagnosis
- intracellular amastigotes in bone marrow biopsy
- chronic trypanomiasis
