ERG RS4

Question 1

what is the perinium

Answer 1

2 triangles (urogenital and posterior anal) at 90 degrees to one another

Question 2

what are the boundaries of the urogenital triangle

Answer 2

lower border of pubic symphasis ischial pubic rami ischial tuberosities

Question 3

list the layers of the urogenital triangle in order from superior to deep

Answer 3

skin superficial perineal fascia: fatty campers layer and membranous collies fascia superficial perineal pouch perineal membrane deep perineal pouch

Question 4

which layer of the urogenital triangle contains the erectile tissue and glands

Answer 4

superficial perineal pouch

Question 5

which layer of the urogenital triangle is a fibrous sheet of connective tissue connecting the pubic rami

Answer 5

perineal membrane

Question 6

which layer of the urogenital triangle contains the bulbourethral glands and external urethra

Answer 6

deep perineal pouch

Question 7

what is the pelvic/urogenital diaphragm

Answer 7

perineal membrane, deep transverse perineal muscles, and the supperior fascia of the UG diaphragm

it contains the deep pouch

the membranous uretha pierces it

contains the Cowper’s glands

Question 8

name the 3 regions of the male urethra

Answer 8

prostatic, membranous, spongy

Question 9

what becomes the spongiosum and ultimatelty what does it give rise to

Answer 9

bulb of penis glans

Question 10

what separates the superior and deep perineal pouches

Answer 10

perineal membrane

Question 11

what is the function of the bulb and crus

Answer 11

to anchor to the perineal membrane

Question 12

what covers the crux prximally

Answer 12

ischiocavernosus muscle

Question 13

what does the crux become distally

Answer 13

corpus cavernosus

Question 14

what covers the corpora spongiosum

Answer 14

bulbospongiousus muscle

Question 15

what covers the corpora cavernosum

Answer 15

ischiocavernosous muscle

Question 16

name the structures

Answer 16

Question 17

Answer 17

Question 18

what makes up the floor of the pelvis

Answer 18

levator and coxygeous muscles

Question 19

the spermatic cord contains all the layers of the abdomen except which layer

Answer 19

fascia of the transversus abdominus

Question 20

which covering layer of the testicals allows a communication into the abdominal cavity in the case of a hydrocele

Answer 20

tunica vaginalis

Question 21

what is the difference of a hydrocele and a varicocele

Answer 21

hydrocele is a translucent fluid filled sac

varicocele is a venous anomalie (bag of worms)

Question 22

Answer 22

Question 23

describe the vasculature of the penis

Answer 23

midline deep dorsal vein

on either side of the vein are dorsal arteries from internal pudendal artery

on the outsides of the dorsal arteries are the dorsal nerves from the pudendal nerve

Question 24

do males have glands in the superficial perineal pouch? do females?

Answer 24

males no

females yes

Question 25

Answer 25

Question 26

Answer 26

Question 27

describe the path taken by the pudendal nerve

Answer 27

extis pelvis inferior to the sciatic nerve

courses deep to the sacrotuberous ligament but externl to the ischial spine and the sacrospinous ligament

renters pelvis through lesser sciatic foramen into the pudendal canal (alcocks canal) on its way to ischiorectal fossa and perineal structures

Question 28

Answer 28

sacrotuberous ligament reflected

Question 29

what are some of the roles of the perineum

Answer 29

supports weight of internal organs

participates in breathing function

urinary and fecal continence

low back and pelvic stability

sexual function

Question 30

boundaries of perineum

Answer 30

pubic symphysis

ischiopubi rami and sacrotuberous ligaments

coccyx/sacrum

pelvic diaphragm (superior)

Question 31

what ligaments contribute to the greater sciatic foramen

Answer 31

sacrospinal and sacrotuberous ligaments

Question 32

spinal cord levels of pudendal nerve

Answer 32

S2-S4

Question 33

contents of the perineum inferior to superior

Answer 33

levator ani muscle

anterior recess of ischiorectal fossa

superior layer of urogenital diaphragm

deep perineal pouch

perineal membrane

superficial perineal pouch

superficial perineal fascia

skin

Question 34

muscles in superficial perineal pouch

Answer 34

superficial transverse perineal

ischiocavernosous

bulbospongiousus

Question 35

which erectile tissue contains the urethral in males

Answer 35

corpus spongiousum

Question 36

function of greater vistibular glands

Answer 36

aka bartholins glands

secrete alkaline fluid in vagina for lubrication and sperm survival

Question 37

function of lesser vistibular glands

Answer 37

aka skenes glands

secretes fluid into urethra

Question 38

muscles in deep perineal pouch

Answer 38

deep transverse perineal

external urethral sphincter

sphincter urethrovaginalis

compressor urehral

Question 39

what is the purpose of an episiotomy

Answer 39

allows the head of a baby to exit vagina without tearing the perineal body

mediolateral cut is done inorder to spare the perineal body as well

Question 40

what method is most reliable for performing a pudendal nerve block

Answer 40

transvaginal (as aposed to transcutaneous)

palpate ischial spine inside the vagina and the pudendal nerve is 1cm below it

goal: block inferior rectal nerves: skin sensations and the perinal nerve: innervating the surrounding of vagina

Question 41

what are the potential complications of damaged perineal body

Answer 41

dysfuntion of external anal sphincter, internal anal sphincter, and or sexual dysfunction such as dyspareunia?