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A2 LEVEL 9700 > ER > Flashcards

ER Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary need for energy in living organisms?

A

To support anabolic reactions, cellular work, movement, and maintenance of body temperature in endotherms

Anabolic reactions include protein synthesis, DNA replication, glycogenesis, and polymerisation.

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2
Q

List examples of anabolic reactions.

A
  • Protein synthesis
  • DNA replication
  • Glycogenesis
  • Polymerisation

These reactions are essential for building complex molecules from simpler ones.

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3
Q

What types of cellular work require energy?

A
  • Active transport
  • Movement of chromosomes
  • Sliding filaments
  • Movement of vesicles

Cellular work is crucial for maintaining cellular functions and processes.

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4
Q

What role does energy play in maintaining body temperature in endotherms?

A

It is needed for thermoregulation

Endotherms, or warm-blooded animals, rely on metabolic processes to maintain a stable body temperature.

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5
Q

Why is glucose considered stable?

A

Due to its activation energy

The stability of glucose is important for its role in metabolic processes.

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6
Q

How is the activation energy of glucose lowered?

A

By enzymes and raising the energy level of glucose through phosphorylation

This process facilitates various biochemical reactions involving glucose.

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7
Q

What type of reactions are involved in the interconversion of ATP and ADP?

A

Reversible reactions

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8
Q

What leads to energy release in ATP?

A

Loss of phosphate / hydrolysis

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9
Q

List features of ATP that make it suitable as the universal energy currency.

A
  • Loss of phosphate / hydrolysis leads to energy release
  • Small packets of energy
  • Small / water-soluble, so can move around cell
  • Immediate energy donor
  • Acts as link between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions
  • High turnover
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10
Q

ATP is described as a _______ energy donor.

A

Immediate

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11
Q

What happens to excess energy during transfer and reactions?

A

Converted into thermal energy

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

What are the four stages in aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Link reaction, Krebs cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation

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14
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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15
Q

What is the first step of glycolysis?

A

Glucose phosphorylated by ATP

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16
Q

What does the phosphorylation of glucose do?

A

Raises energy level / overcomes activation energy to form fructose bisphosphate

17
Q

What is produced from the lysis of glucose in glycolysis?

A

Two TP (triose phosphate)

18
Q

What is the net gain of ATP produced from glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

19
Q

What is produced at the end of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

20
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

21
Q

What happens to pyruvate during the link reaction?

A

Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation

22
Q

What is formed when pyruvate combines with coenzyme A?

A

Acetyl coenzyme A

23
Q

What is the role of coenzyme A in the link reaction?

A

Combines with acetyl group and delivers it to the Krebs cycle

24
Q

What does acetyl CoA combine with in the Krebs cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate

25
Q

What is produced during the decarboxylation of citrate in the Krebs cycle?

A

CO2 (waste gas)

26
Q

How many CO2 are produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

Two CO2

27
Q

How many NAD molecules are reduced in the Krebs cycle?

A

Three NAD molecules

28
Q

What type of phosphorylation occurs in the Krebs cycle?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

29
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

30
Q

What is released from reduced NAD / FAD during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Hydrogen

31
Q

What happens to electrons in the electron transport chain?

A

They are passed along electron carriers

32
Q

What is the role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Acts as the final electron acceptor and proton acceptor to form water

33
Q

What is generated when protons diffuse back through the membrane?

A

ATP

34
Q

Fill in the blank: Glycolysis produces _______ and _______.

A

Pyruvate, 2 ATP

35
Q

True or False: The Krebs cycle regenerates oxaloacetate.

A

True

A2 LEVEL 9700 (10 decks)

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