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A2 LEVEL 9700 > E+R > Flashcards

E+R Flashcards

1
Q

Why do living organisms need energy?

A

To work!

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2
Q

Anabolic reactions in organisms

A

Eg: protein synthesis, synthesis
of glycogen (glycogenesis), DNA
replication, polymerisation

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2
Q

work done by organisms example

A

Anabolic reactions
Active transport
Movement
Maintenance of a constant body temperature
Bioluminescence / electrical
discharge

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2
Q

Movement in organisms

A

Eg: Muscle contraction,
cilia/flagella, movement of
chromosomes

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2
Q

Active transport in organisms

A

Eg: Na+- K+ pump, movement of
vesicles in exo/endocytosis

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3
Q

Maintenance of a constant body
temperature in organisms

A

in “warm-blooded animals”
i.e. endotherms

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4
Q

Bioluminescence / electrical
discharge in organisms

A

E.g. in jellyfish, electric eels

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5
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate
* It is a phosphorylated nucleotide

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6
Q

ATP 3 components

A

1) Adenine (organic, nitrogenous base)
2) Ribose sugar (pentose sugar)
3) Three phosphate groups

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7
Q

adenosine (nucleoside)

A

adenine + ribose sugar

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8
Q
A

ATP

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9
Q

Characteristics of ATP:

A
  • Small
  • Water-soluble
    → Easily transported around the cell
  • Readily hydrolysed / lose phosphate to release energy
  • Small packets of energy released at one time
  • ATP can be synthesised and broken down quickly
    → High turnover rate

This makes it ideal as an energy currency
in all organisms

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Roles/Functions of ATP:

A

a) The universal link/intermediate energy molecule
* Between energy-giving reactions and energy-requiring reactions

  • Example of energy-giving reactions: aerobic respiration aka
    complete oxidation of glucose
    → Gives a large quantity of energy of 2870 kJ per mole of glucose
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12
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP →

A

Energy

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13
Q

why are energy transfers considered inefficient

A

→Excess energy is lost at different stages in the multi-step reaction
→As thermal/heat energy

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

ATP is the energy

A

currency’ of the cell
* Energy giving/yielding-reactions are linked to production of ATP
first, then energy-requiring reactions

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16
Q
  • Energy storage molecules
A

store energy in the form of chemical
potential energy

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17
Q

short term energy storage

A

glucose, sucrose

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18
Q

long term energy storage

A

glycogen, starch,
triglyceride

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19
Q

ATP AKA

A

Immediate donor of energy

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20
Q

why is ATP called immediate source of energy

A

To reactions requiring energy

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21
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP →

A

Energy

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22
Q

Chemical equation of ATP hydrolysis:

A
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23
Q

At rest, we use about

A

40kg of ATP in 24hours

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24
Q

Removal of 1st phosphate group from

A

ATP → ADP
→30.5 kJmol-1 energy released

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25
Q

Removal of 2nd phosphate group from

A

ADP → AMP
→30.5 kJmol-1 energy released

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26
Q

Removal of last phosphate group from

A

AMP → Adenosine
→14.2 kJmol-1 energy released

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27
Q
A
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28
Q

ATP is synthesized from

A

energy-yielding reactions
* E.g. oxidation of glucose in cellular respiration OR light
dependent stage in photosynthesis
* In a series of reactions

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29
Q

What is respiration?

A
  • Process where….
  • Organic molecules
    (such as glucose, amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids)
  • Are broken down in a series of stages
  • To release energy
  • Which is used to synthesise ATP
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30
Q

two types of respiration

A

1) Aerobic respiration
2) Anaerobic respiration

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31
Q
A
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32
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A
  • Breakdown of organic molecules
    (i.e. glucose, but fatty acids, glycerol and
    amino acids too!)
  • To release energy
  • Which is used to synthesise ATP
  • In the presence of oxygen
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33
Q
A
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34
Q

4 stages in aerobic respiration of glucose

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Link Reaction
3) Krebs Cycle
4) Oxidative Phosphorylation

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35
Q

glycolysis location

A

cytoplasm

36
Q

link reaction location

A

Mitochondrial matrix

37
Q

krebs cycle location

A

Mitochondrial matrix

38
Q

oxidative phosphorylation location

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane / cristae

39
Q

Oxidation of Glucose

A
40
Q

IRL oxidation of glucose in cellular respiration is a

A

multi-step reaction
* Each step: releasing a small quantity of energy
(ATP)

41
Q

Why use small, multiple steps?

A

1)Allow precise control
2) Cells could not fully harness total energy released if all were made available at one instan

42
Q

Why doesn’t the reaction happen easily?

A

Because….glucose is quite a stable substance
→It requires a high activation energy for
reaction to take place

43
Q

how to overcome reactions not happening easily

A

a) Usage of enzymes to lower activation energy
b) Raising energy level of glucose by
phosphorylation
→More reactive

44
Q

glycolysis steps

A
45
Q

glyco

A
46
Q

glycolysis at cytoplasm

A
  • Lysis of glucose
  • Multi-step process
  • Involves many enzymes at each step
47
Q

initial reactants of glycolysis

A
  • 1 Glucose (6C)
  • 2 ATP
  • 4 ADP, 2 NAD
48
Q

Final products per molecule of glucose:

A
  • 2 Pyruvate (3C)
  • 2 NADH
  • 4 ATP →But 4 - 2 = net gain of 2 ATP only
49
Q

Hydrogen Carrier Molecules aka

A

hydrogen acceptor

50
Q

3 hydrogen acceptor molecules

A

NAD
NADP
FAD

51
Q

NAD

A

nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide
(used in respiration)

52
Q

NADP

A

nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate
(used in photosynthesis)

53
Q

FAD

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide
(used in respiration)

54
Q

hydrogen acceptor molecules are called

A

coenzymes

55
Q

coenzymes

A

a non-protein
complex organic substance that is
required for an enzyme’s activity.

56
Q

NAD full form

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

57
Q

NAD is a

A

coenzyme

58
Q

NAD is a H carrier molecule used in

A

respiration

59
Q

structure of NAD

A
  • Two linked nucleotides
  • Both have ribose sugar and a phosphate group each
  • 1 has adenine base, the other nicotinamide ring
  • Nicotinamide ring – accepts H
60
Q
A
61
Q

function of NAD

A
  • H carrier molecule in respiration
  • Carry hydrogens from all stages of respiration (Stage 1 2 3)
  • To take part in oxidative phosphorylation (Stage 4) where
    most ATP is synthesised
62
Q
A

reduced NAD

63
Q

NADP full form

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate

64
Q

NADP is a

A

coenzyme

65
Q

NADP is used in

A

photosynthesis

66
Q

NADP is a different form of

A

NAD

67
Q

structure of NADP

A
  • Similar to NAD
    NAD
  • But has a phosphate group instead of H on carbon 2 on ribose ring with adenine
68
Q

FAD full form

A

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

69
Q

FAD is a

A

coenzyme

70
Q

FAD used in

A

respiration

71
Q

FAD use

A
  • Used to carry H produced in
    Krebs Cycle (Stage 3) only
    →Then used in oxidative
    phosphorylation (Stage 4)
72
Q

structure of FAD

A
  • Two linked nucleotides
  • One nucleotide with phosphate, ribose and adenine
  • Another nucleotide with phosphate, ribitol and flavin
73
Q

Link reaction steps

A
74
Q

link reaction

A
75
Q

What is coenzyme A?

A
  • Complex molecule
  • Made of a nucleoside (adenine + ribose) and a vitamin (pantothenic acid)
76
Q

function of coenzyme A

A
  • Carry acetyl groups (2C) to Krebs Cycle (Stage 3)
77
Q

inital reactants of link reaction

A
  • 1 Pyruvate (3C)
  • 1 NAD
  • 1 CoA
78
Q

final products per molecule of pyruvate in link reaction

A
  • 1 Acetyl CoA (2C)
  • 1 NADH
  • 1 CO2 → waste gas, released
79
Q

1 molecule of glucose is oxidised by link reaction into

A

2 pyruvate

80
Q

final products per molecule of glucose

A
  • 2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 CO2 →waste gas, released
81
Q

krebs cycle AKA

A

citric acid cycle / tricarboxylic acid cycle

82
Q

krebs cycle is a

A

enzyme controlled pathway

83
Q

krebs cycle steps

A

1) Acetyl coenzyme A (2C)
→combines with oxaloacetate (4C)
→To form citrate (6C)
→CoA removed and can be used again in
Link Reaction (Stage 2
2) Citrate (6C) goes through series of dehydrogenation and decarboxylation
→7steps, by products of each step are
1. Nothing
2. Reduced NAD and CO2
3. Reduced NAD and CO2
4. ATP
5. Reduced FAD
6. Nothing
7. Reduced NAD
3) Oxaloacetate (4C) regenerated
→Can combine with another acetyl CoA
→Kreb cycle continues

84
Q
A
85
Q

oxaloacetate

A

4C

86
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

2C

87
Q

citrate

A

6C

88
Q

Initial reactants: of krebs cycle

A
  • 1 Acetyl CoA (2C)
  • 1 Oxaloacetate (4C)
  • 1 ADP, 3 NAD and 1 FAD
89
Q

Final products per molecule of acetyl CoA:
(This is 1 turn of the Krebs Cycle)

A
  • 3 NADH
  • 1 FADH2
  • 2 CO2 → waste gas, released
  • 1 ATP
  • Oxaloacetate (4C) → regenerated
90
Q

Final products per molecule of glucose:
(This is 2 turns of the Krebs Cycle)

A
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
  • 4 CO2 →waste gas, released
  • 2 ATP
  • Oxaloacetate (4C) → regenerated twice
91
Q
A

A2 LEVEL 9700 (6 decks)

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