Equipment And Systems Flashcards
Reflection
Reflects of off areas
Refraction
Change of speed when an object is hit
Higher frequency, less refraction
Diffraction
Bending of waves
Higher frequency, less diffraction
Scattering
Splits into several beams
Emergency
121,5MHz
(UHF is 243MHz)
Wavelenght
Meter
Distance between two points of the same wave - such as two peaks
Greek symbol lambda
Amplitude
How high the wave is, the power of the wave
Frequency
Number of cycles per second
Measured in Hertz
Higher frequency = shorter wavelenghts
VHF band spectrum dedicated to aviation
117.975 - 137.000MHz
VHF Frequencies used in aviation
118.000 - 136.975MHz
VHF band for Aeronautical Radionavigation
108.000 - 117.975MHz
VDF
VHF Direction Finder
Ground based
To work the aircraft needs a radio
QDM
Magnetic heading to the station
QDR
Magnetic bearing from the station
Visual signalling
Aldis lamp
Green, white and red
Propagation
Sky waves
Ground waves
Line of sight - direct
ABI
Advanced Boundary Message
ACT
Activate message
REV
Revision message
LAM
Logical Acknowledgement Message
Verification that message has gone through
ROF
Request On Frequency
Airborne Safety nets
TCAS/ACAS
GPWS
EGPWS
Ground based safety nets
STCA - Short Term Conflict Alert (2min warning time)
MSAW - Minimum Safe Altitude Warning
APW - Area Proximity Warning
APM - Approach Path Monitor
What do you use to check satellite positions?
Augmentation system
Frequency spaced with 8,33KHz
118.005
118.010
118.015
118.030
118.035
118.040
118.055
118.060
118.065
118.080
118.085
118.090
8,33KHz channel separation is only mandatory for flights above FL195
False
AFS
Aeronautical Fixed Service
Which methods can be used to pass instructions from ATCO’s to aircrafts?
CPDLC
VHF
UHF
Mode A
Identification
Mode C
Altitude
Based on standard QNH 1013.25
• 100ft increments
Surveillance systems
ADS-B
MLAT
SSR
Attenuation
Signal losing power
Electromagnetic waves speed?
300 000km/sec or 300 000 000m/s
SELCAL - Selective Calling System
Requires unique code to be included in the FPL
HF and VHF
Oceanic
ACARS
Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System
• Digital data link system for transmitting messages between aircraft and ground stations
• Primarily used by airline operators to keep track of their own
• VHF
Duplexer
Switching between receiving and transmitting
Simplex
One at a time communication
CPDLC
Controller Pilot Data Link Communication
Communication via data link for ATC communication
SSR how it functions
Interrogator (antenna) sends out interrogation signal (1013MHz)
and transponder in aircraft sends back transponder reply (1019MHz) (Binary, either on or off)
Needs many interrogations and replies to produce a plot and if the replies are consistent the aircraft will show up on the surveillance screen
Squawk
4 digits only
0000-7777
Discrete mode A code allocated by the ATC
Garbling
One interrogation —> Several close replies
If the aircrafts are within 1.7NM reply
Fruit
False Replies Un-synchronized In Time
No interrogation —> Several replies
Arises from replies not triggered by the interrogator.
Asynchronous interference intended for another user
Direct angle reflection
Correct angle but change in slant range
Cross-Coupling
ATC transmitts on two or more frequencies at the same time
Pilots will not hear other pilots on an other frequency tho but upon receipt on one frequency the reception is re-transmitted on other frequency.
This to avoid pilots talking over eachother
Squawk VFR in uncontrolled airspace
7000
SPI- Squawk Ident
Squawk 1000
Mode S ”region” - individual registration
Squawk 2000
NOT USED IN ATC
Cone of silence
Area right above the radar antenna station
MSSR - Monopulse SSR
• Fewer pulses (3-8) to determine position. (Garbling and FRUIT reduced)
• MSSR antenna divided inte left and right
• Improved accuracy (azimuth resolution)
• Requirement for Mode S
• Can interrogate both Mode A/C and Mode S
Mode S transponders
Reg nummer like a car (6 digits, 0-9 and A-F)
Mode S interrogations
2 types:
• Roll-call - selective interrogation
• All-call - intention to acquire targets that are not already acquired
Mode S Surveillance
• Range and Azimuth measurement by MSSR
• Automatic reporting of callsign
• Altitude reporting in 25ft intervals
• Flight status (airborne/on the ground)
• Transponder capability report
Stuff shown on label in sim
• Ground speed
• Magnetic heading
• IAS and Mach number
Etc
ADS-B
Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast
Uses GNSS to determine aircraft position.
Broadcasts info about:
• Identity
• Current position
• Altitude
• Speed
To all potential users with ADS-B capable transponders
MLAT - Multilateration
WAM - Wide Area MLAT
LAM - Local Area MLAT
Calculated surfaces of constant time differences
• 4 sensors on the ground
• TDOA - Time Difference Of Arrival measured
• Central processor calculates the aircraft position
OLDI
Online Data Interchange
Purpose to automate co-ordination and flight data info exchange between ATC units
Difference between AM and FM
AM - Longer reach but worse sound quality
FN - Less reach but better sound quality
Lower frequency is more prone to noise
Info provided by local information systems is normally NOT:
Surveillance data
