Equine Zoonoses Flashcards
common zoonoses in horses in the US
- streptococcus equi zooepidemicus/equi
- dermatophilosis
- dermatophytosis
- clostridioides difficile
- Rhodococcus equi
Foreign animal diseases
Hendra virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis
Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus
respiratory commensal in horses and can be an equine pathogen
S. equi equi is known as __ and requires a __ level of biosecurity since its very __ to expose vets and owners causing bacteremia, myositis, endocarditis, glomerulonephritis, localized infections and meningitis in humans
strangles, higher, easy
Rhodococcus is ubiquitous on horse farms worldwide in the __and spread by __ but is a __ risk for humans with normal immune function
soil, inhalation, low
Clostridioides difficile
It causes diarrhea and GI inflammation varying morbidity and mortality in horses. While humans get it, the ubiquitous nature makes its source hard to pinpoint and its spread by fecal:oral transmission.
Dermatophytosis is ____ and has a considerable zoonotic risk but can be managed with good care. Where do you typically see these horses?
ringworm, overcrowding and malnutrition
T. verrucosum and M. canis
Dermatophilosis is also known as __, a disease of the skin caused by ____ while human infection are __
rain scald, deramtophilus congolensis, rare
Salmonellosis is __ causing __ in horses and __ in foals by __ transmission. what signs does it cause in humans?
rare, enterocolitis, septicemia, fecal oral
GI signs, diarrhea, abd pain, vomitting, flu symptoms in immunocompromised humans
Rabies is a __ virus that usually present as __ on exam and progresses to fatal. It’s one of the __ zoonoses of concern for humans exposure of what?
rhabdovirus, colic
urine, saliva, infected tissue
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
associated with sx site infections, catheter site infections, cellulitis, pneumonis and septic arthritis in humans. It can be passed back and forth from horse to humans but infections in humans from horses is rare
equine encephalitis viruses are spread by __ and __ vectors causing __ signs
bird and mosquito, neuro
list the equine encephalitis viruses from highest mortality to lowest
- EEE (75-90%)
- VEE (40-90%)
- WEE (20-50%)
Eastern Equine Encephalitis has a human case fatality rate of __ with most survivors having __ deficits. what would be signs someone has EEE?
33%, neuro
flu like symptoms, nausea, vomiting, conjunctival congestion, encephalitis, seizures, coma, death
West Nile Virus is a __ in wild birds transmitted to horses by mosquitoes as __ hosts. Can mosquitoes feeding on an infected horse transmit the virus to another horse or human?
flavivirus, incidental
no, they cannot transmit to another horse or human because the horse/human is a dead end host
WNV in humans can be controlled by vaccination horses and mosquito control. If a human was infected, how would it present?
80% have no clinical signs while 20% have flu symptoms and 1:150 have neuro/fatal effects
Vesicular stomatitis is a __ seen in horses and cattle only in the US. How is it transmitted?
Rhabdovirus/Vesiculovirus
It’s transmitted by contamination of transcutaneous or mucosal route OR arthropod transmission by flies
Vesicular stomatitis has a __ incubation and typically recover in __ weeks and is __ in humans presenting as flue like symptoms
short (2-4d), 1-2, rare
__ is the agent of anthrax and is a major zoonotic concern. Horses develop a __ form usually while humans develop a ___ form most commonly. How would you treat a human v a horse?
Bacillus Anthrax
systemic, cutaneous (ulcer with black eschar)
equids tx with penicillin
humans tx with penicillin and ciprofloxacin
Hendra Virus is a __ that is maintained in the __ population. How are horses exposed?
henipavirus (paramyxovirus), bat
exposed by eating contaminated material such as bat urine
how does hendra virus effect horses v humans?
horses will be in acute respiratory distress with possible neuro signs followed by death
vs
humans will have flu like symptoms that progress to pneumonitis, respiratory failure, renal failure, arterial thrombosis and cardiac arrest with case fatality rates of 60%
t/f: humans acquire hendra virus from bats
F, human cases are acquired from horses (spread from bats to horses is accidental tho)
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis is a __ with an endemic strain in __ and __ while the epidemic strain is in __ and __
alphavirus, rodents and mosquitoes, horses and mosquitoes
t/f: birds are part of the life cycle of VEE
F!!
horses experience __ with VEE while humans have what symptoms?
encephalitis signs
rate of subclinical infection is high in humans while clinical disease will show signs of a fever, headache, nausea, v/d and encephalitis BUT the fatality rate is low
