Dairy Herd Health Flashcards
what makes good colostrum?
Quality:
IgG >10g/L
STP >5.2g/dL
Brix refractometer >7.8%
quality is effected by age, breed, amount, time collected
Quantity:
- avg holstein needs 100g IgG (85%) colostrum will provide this
- Need 4L in first feeding
why is colostrum important?
neonatal ruminants are born without active immunity and must survive the first 4-5 weeks of life with the passie immunity they get from the colostrum
when should you give colostrum?
ideally within 1-2 hours of birth but max is within 6 hours of birth
heat treatment ___ effect absorption of IgG while bacterial load __
did not, did
should you use colostrum replacer or supplement
REPLACER
traditional dairy calf rearing calls for ___ bottle __ day for __
1 2quart, 2 times a, 8 weeks
what is a benefit of individual housing and a disadvantage?
no nose to nose contact but negative effects on cow welfare (socialization)
what is the most efficient method to get calves fed more and more often? what else does this increase?
group housing -> may increase risk of pneumonia and diarrhea
what vaccinations can be given from day 1 to weaning?
intranasal vaccination of MLV IBR will stimulate IgA and humoral and cell mediated immunity and can override maternal antibodies
dehorning should be done before __ weeks. what are the 3 methods?
12, caustic paste, hot dehorners (most common), and gougers/surgical methods
when should you start weaning?
start when calf is eating 2.5 - 3lbs of starter grain for a minimum of 3 days. Best to slow wean to 1 feeding a day and/or limit automatic intake for 1-2 weeks
what 2 things should happen from day 1 to weaning?
- intranasal MLV IBR
- Dehorn
T/F: there is evidence that too much energy in the diet from weaning to ~9 months as the mammary gland develops can result in too much fat deposition in the developing mammary gland which will reduce lactation potential
T
T/F: you should assess BCS in dairy cows to monitor progress in the development of dairy heifers
F, frequent checking of weights - not BCS in dairy heifers
T/F: the weaning dairy calf is a full ruminant
F
if calves get good passive immunity they can hold off until ___ months for the 1st viral respiratory __ vaccine then booster at 6 months
3-4, parenteral
what 3 things does the clostridial vaccine include?
pinkeye, M haemolytica, H somnus
Brucellosis is the __ vaccine which is a __ vaccine that can only be given to heifers between ___ months of age in VA and is a human safety issue
RB 51, MLV, 4-12
how do you remove extra teats?
sharp scissors and a good tail jack at 6 mths old - don’t forget fly spray
dairy heifers use more __ vaccines than beef, what are the common ones?
MLV
BVD, IBR, BRSV and PI3 w/killed lepto or lepto hardjo separately
dairy cows are bred by __
AI
calving interval goal is __ months
13
shorter calving interval =
more money
what is the voluntary waiting period and what is the average in the US?
the producer does not breed the cow regardless of signs of heat -> the avg time is 53 days and you should aim for 60d
what vaccine should be given during the voluntary waiting period?
MLV viral resp/repro vaccine
when should you start trying to get the cow pregnant again?
<82 for first
what is the goal for days open (when she gets preggo)?
<115 days, sound the alarm at 150
VWP is __ and __
set and not changed
what is the dry period?
typically the 60 days before calving where milk STOPS
what treatments/preventative measures are taken to prevent mastitis during the dry period?
antibiotics to all 4 quarters and all cows and teat sealants
__ and __ are highly conserved in the gram negative bacteria that cause mastitis which allow the vaccine against the __ to protect against several species __,__ and __
Lipid A, Core antigen, core antigen, E.coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter
what diseases are more likely to occur in the first 30 days of milk?
hypocalcemia
retained placenta
metritis
ketosis
displaced abomasum
mastitis
how should we prevent hypocalcemia?
the dry period diet should be low calcium and other cations, feed a DCAD diet (high in anions) and monitor. Then post calving you can supplement calcium and monitor serum Ca+ 24-48hrs fresh.
retained placenta and metritis
- monitor dry matter intake during close up
- if cow retains then producer should monitor eating and temp once a day
- monitor at herd check - palpate all fresh cows for metritis
ketosis
- negative energy balance
- two types: primary occurs at peak lactation and the cow can’t eat enough to support heavy milking; secondary occurs in the fresh period where something is causing the cow to not eat enough
overconditioning in the dry period is a risk factor for __
ketosis/fatty liver
Displaced Abomasum (DA)
any illness that causes a cow not to eat increases the risk of DA but in this case it mostly occurs in the fresh period
peak or summit milk @
60-100 DIM
