Equine Male Urogenital Sx

Question 1

What produces spermatozoa?

Answer 1

Testis

Question 2

Which cells of the epididymis nourish spermatozoa vs. produce androgens?

Answer 2

Sertoli cells nourish spermatozoa

Leydig cells produce androgens

Question 3

What is the gubernaculum?

Answer 3

Proper ligament of the testis

Question 4

Where are foal testis located at birth?

Answer 4

Inguinal canal

Question 5

How does descent of the testes occur?

Answer 5

Gubernaculum shortens during gestation and pulls the retro parietal lying testes into the scrotum

Question 6

What are other terms used to describe a cryptorchid patient?

Answer 6

Rig
Ridgling
Original
High flanker

Question 7

What problems can arise from a cryptorchid patient?

Answer 7

Reduced sperm production

Aggressive behavior

Question 8

What are the three forms of cryptorchidism?

Answer 8

Inguinal
Abdominal
Incomplete abdominal

Question 9

What is the most common form of cryptorchidism?

Answer 9

Left-sided abdominal retention

Think “Left Larger”- the testicle is too large to fit through the inguinal canal

Question 10

What are some causes that lead to cryptorchidism?

Answer 10

Improper function of gubernaculum
Inguinal ring too small in diameter
Hormone imbalance
Herediatry

Question 11

What is the incidence of cryptorchidism in equids based on forms?

Answer 11

Unilateral> bilateral; Left= Right; Inguinal=Abdominal

Question 12

What side of the testicle is most commonly retained in the inguinal region?

Answer 12

Right

Question 13

What are some different diagnostics that can be used for cryptorchidism?

Answer 13

Stallion-like behavior
Palpation
Ultrasound
Laparoscopy

Question 14

What are the 8 steps for a cryptorchidectomy?

Answer 14

1. Standing
2. General anesthesia
3. Finding the gubernaculum
4. Everting vaginal process
5. Ligation
6. Emasculation
7. Closed technique
8. Suture

Question 15

Why should you isolate from mares for two days?

Answer 15

May still be some spermatozoa in the genital tract

Question 16

What are some complications of cryptorchidectomy surgery?

Answer 16

Swelling
Hemorrhage
Scirrhous cord formation
Hydrocele
Evisceration
Peritonitis
Continued masculine behavior
Continued fertility

Question 17

What could be some possible causes of swelling post-op?

Answer 17

Inadequate wound drainage
Inadequate post-op exercise
Poor lymphatic drainage
Excessive surgical trauma

Question 18

What artery will commonly get hemorrhaged?

Answer 18

Testicular artery

Question 19

What are some CS to watch out for if you are concerned for intra-abdominal hemorrhage?

Answer 19

Pale MM and a dramatic increase in pulse

Question 20

How can hemorrhage be prevented?

Answer 20

Proper ligation

Question 21

Why should non-absorbable suture be avoided?

Answer 21

The body will see it as a foreign body and reject it and could lead to scirrhous cord formation (septic funiculitis)

Question 22

What is the treatment for scirrhous cord formation?

Answer 22

Surgery and then culture

Strip away infection and re-ligate stump on healthy tissue

Question 23

What is a fluid-filled, painless swelling that comes from the vaginal tunic known as?

Answer 23

Hydrocele

Question 24

What is the difference of proud cut vs. false rigs?

Answer 24

Proud cut: retention of epididymal tissue (hormone producing tissue)- sx removal necessary
False rigs: horses castrated at an OLD age (psychic cause that has turned into a reflex)

Question 25

What is the term for congenital unilateral absence of testis?

Answer 25

Monorchidism