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Lg Animal > Equine Lameness > Flashcards

Equine Lameness Flashcards

1
Q

Steps in Lameness Exam (6)

A
  1. History
  2. Observe at Rest
  3. Observe in Motion
  4. Palpation - Hoof Testing
  5. Grade Lameness
  6. Diagnostic Testing
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2
Q

Gait Faults

A

Abnormal leg actions that occur while the horse is in motion

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3
Q

Front Leg Lameness

A

“Down on Sound”
* Head down on good leg
* Head up on bad front leg
* Shorter stride with affected limb

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4
Q

Hind Leg Lamness

A

Croup rises on affected side

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5
Q

Palpation
Flexion Test

Steps in Lameness Exam

A
  • Start on lower part of leg and work up
  • Flex joints (small <1 min, large 1-2 min)
  • Immediately jog horse and look for lameness
  • Normal to have 3-4 off strides initially
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6
Q

Palpation
Hoof

Steps in Lameness Exam

A

Majority of lameness originates in hoof
* check confirmation
* test for pain
* check digital pulses
* check bottom of hoof

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7
Q

Lameness Grade

Steps in Lameness Exam

A
  • 0 = normal
  • 1 = difficult to see / not consistent
  • 2 = consistently apparent, but difficult to at walk or trot
  • 3 = consistently apparant at trot
  • 4 = apparant at walk
  • 5 = minimal or non-weight bearing / unable to move
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8
Q

Diagnostics
Nerve Blocks

Steps in Lameness Exam

A
  • Injection given around nerve / into joint or tendon shealth
  • Object pushed against area; reaction noted
  • If none, horse is trotted to look for lameness
  • Improvement = cause was structure able to be blocked
  • Start low and work upwards
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9
Q

Nerve Block
Drugs

A
  • Lidocaine
  • Mepivacaine
  • Bupivicaine
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10
Q

Diagnostics

X-Rays vs Ultrasounds

Steps in Lameness Exam

A

X-Rays
* better for bone

Ultrasound
* better for soft tissue

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11
Q

Diagnostics

MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
* gold standard for soft tissue injury in foot
* image restricted to stifle/elbow or below
* not advised if lameness not localized
* limited availability / high cost

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12
Q

Diagnostic

CT

Steps in Lameness Exam

A

Computed Tomography
* x-rays taken in a series
* converted to 3D images
* anesthesia used
* costly / less available
* less time and cost than MRI

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13
Q

Diagnostic

Nuclear Scintigraphy

A
  • For multifocal lameness
  • IV injection of Technetium-99 (radioactive isotope)
  • Goes into areas of bone remodeling
  • Gamma camera detects rays emmited
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14
Q

Diagnostics

Thermography

Steps in Lameness Exam

A

Infared camera that measures heat gradients
* inflammation = heat
* non-invasive
* non-contact

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15
Q

Common Causes of Lameness in Feet

A
  • Hoof abscess or solar bruising
  • Navicular syndrome
  • Laminitis
  • Fracture of third phalanx (P3 / coffin bone)
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16
Q

Navicular Disease

A

Degenerate change in the navicular bone
* number 1 chronic intermittent front limb lameness
* those with short heel, long toe / upright pastern are predisposed
* Limited treatment - increase blood flow and improve bone density

17
Q

Laminitis

A

Horse has a leaning back stance
* “walking on eggshells”
* see mostly in adults
* common for both front or all 4 feet
* Many causes - sepsis / endotoxemia, trauma, Cushings

18
Q

Acute Laminitis

A
  • Sub Acute - mild, no rotation; signs resolve quickly
  • Acute - ER first 72 hrs of signs; treat within 12 hrs
  • Refractory - minimal / no response within 7 - 10 days
19
Q

Chronic Laminitis

A
  • Early Chronic - rotation of coffin bone; takes days-months to heal
  • Chronic Active - rotation of coffin bone; unstable and could penetrate sole
  • Chronic Stable
20
Q

Hoof Testing
Diffuse Sensitivity

A

All over; non-localized
* Fracture
* Infection of coffin bone
* Laminitis

21
Q

Hoof Testing
Localized Sensitivity

A
  • Sole bruising
  • Puncture wounds
  • Hoof abcesses
  • Hot nails (recent shoeing)
22
Q

Hoof Testing
Frog Sensitivity

A

Sensitivity over middle third of frog
* navicular syndrome
* sheared heels

23
Q

Hoof Testing
Hoof Wall

A

Use of a hammer to hit hoof and look for response
* cracks in hoof
* gravel - hoof abscess travels up hoof wall towards coronary band

24
Q

Horse Foot

A
  • A - Coffin Bone
  • B - Navicular Bone
  • C - Short Pastern Bone
  • D - Long Pastern Bone
25
Q

Stringhalt

A

Involuntary flexion of the hock during forward movement
* affects one or both hindlimbs
* unknown cause - possible nerve degeneration
* movement often exaggerated
* surgical treatment to remove part of the tendon
* untreated horses will worsen with age

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