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7- EQ- Gastrointestinal Disease > Equine gastrointestinal parasites and their management > Flashcards

Equine gastrointestinal parasites and their management Flashcards

1
Q

What are the clinical signs of Habroneam spp infection

A

skin sores conjunctivitis

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2
Q

When is Habronema spp. infection most common?

A

June- september
seen in all age of horses

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3
Q

Where do adult Habronema spp. reside in the horse?

A

stomach- mostly no disease

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4
Q

Why is Habronema spp hard to diagnose on FEC

A

eggs are very fragile and rupture- diagnosis on gastroscopy

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5
Q

List 5 ways to prevent Habronema spp

A

Good fly control and muck heap management
Frequent replacement of bedding
Collection/removal of droppings in paddocks
Cover wounds and treat ocular diseases causing ocular discharge
Will be killed in horse with worming for other parasites (Avermectins/Benzimidazoles to lesser extent)

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6
Q

What is Parascaris equorum

A

Ascarid

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7
Q

Which age group of horses are commonly affected by Parascaris equorum?

A

Horses <2 traditionally due to poor immune response

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8
Q

What is the reservoir for Parascaris equorum

A

adult horses – small numbers but shed enough eggs to infect foals/young stock

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9
Q

Is there vertical transmission of Parascaris equorum?

A

No - is from pasture

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10
Q

List the clinical signs of Parascaris equorum infection

A

Coughing
nasal discharge
poor coat
weight gain
dull
anorexia
occasional colicking
bone/tendon disorders

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11
Q

How does Parascaris equorum eggs spread?

A

coughed up then swallowed

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12
Q

Describe what Parascaris equorum eggs look like

A

round lumpy
very distinct

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13
Q

What is the resistance status of Parascaris equorum to avermectins?

A

Quite resistant

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14
Q

What can be used to treat Parascaris equorum infection?

A

Pyrantel

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15
Q

What should be considered when treating Parascaris equorum infection?

A

Be wary of impaction colic

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16
Q

What is Anoplocephala perfoliate/magna?

A

Tapeworm (a cestode)

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17
Q

Which age group of horses are commonly affected by Anoplocephala perfoliate/magna?

A

usually young horses

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18
Q

List the clinical signs of Anoplocephala perfoliate/magna infection?

A

ileal impaction
intussusception
caecal impaction
motility disorders
spasmodic colic
d+

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19
Q

How are Anoplocephala perfoliate/magna eggs transmitted?

A

Ingested by horses after infecting oribatid mites- indirect lifecycle

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20
Q

What is the PPP of Anoplocephala perfoliate/magna disease

A

6- 10 weeks

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21
Q

When is Anoplocephala perfoliate/magna disease most common?

A

October/ november

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22
Q

What diagnostic tests can be used for Anoplocephala perfoliate/magna?

A

Based on anti-body detection
ELISA (in populations)
saliva test

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23
Q

Describe how to treat A. perfoliata

A

2 drugs:
high dose pyrantel
praziquantel

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24
Q

How long should horses be stables after worming for A. perfoliata

A

48 hours- to prevent increased pasture contamination - can’t kill the mites

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25
Q

What is the most clinically important large strongyle

A

Strongylus vulgaris - because - causes ‘verminous arteritis’

26
Q

T/F Strongylus vulgaris forms good immunity

A

False - get some but never complete to stop re-infection

27
Q

what is the reservoir for Strongylus vulgaris

A

asymptomatic horses that shed large numbers of eggs

28
Q

describe how to diagnose Strongylus vulgaris

A

difficult as pre-patent disease
may be able to feel thrombi on rectal exam

29
Q

why is faecal analysis not good to diagnose Strongylus vulgaris

A

can’t tell from other strongyle eggs
no correlation between number of eggs and worm burden

30
Q

when is Strongylus vulgaris seen

A

autumn/ winter
but infected in spring/summer due to high numbers on pasture

31
Q

List the clinical signs of Strongylus vulgaris

A

colic
diarrhoea
anorexia
ischaemia
Can form thrombi at aorto-iliac junction – can lead to lameness and poor performance
Occasionally migrate aberrantly and end up in the brain, kidneys, lungs, liver and can form granulomas

32
Q

Describe how to treat Strongylus vulgaris

A

All drug groups still OK for us- no resistance yet
benzimidazoles and avermectins – larvae and adults
Pyrantel – adults only

33
Q

describe how to prevent Strongylus vulgaris

A

avoid over grazing (eggs often on ground)
pick up faeces regularly

34
Q

What is the PPP of Strongylus edentatus

A

11 months

35
Q

What is different about Strongylus equinus compared to other strongyles

A

they don’t enter blood vessels like the other two strongyles (vulgaris and edentatus)

36
Q

what is the PPP of Strongylus equinus

A

9 months

37
Q

describe how S. edentatus cause disease

A

colic due to liver disease or peritonitis

38
Q

Describe how S. equinus causes disease

A

mild colic.
Some association with pancreatic disease and primary diabetes mellitus- RARE

39
Q

what is the most important equine parasitic disease in terms of prevalence and severity of clinical signs seen

A

Cyathostomins

40
Q

What is a problem with using anthelmintics against Cyathostomins

A

encysted, hypobiotic larvae largely unaffected by any anthelminitic

41
Q

when do Cyathostominosis larvae tend to emerge

A

Spring- often many at once

42
Q

how long is the PPP of Cyathostomins

A

6-14 weeks if no hypobiosis

43
Q

T/F do we see immunity to Cyathostomins

A

True - but takes a long time and never complete

44
Q

why is daignosing Cyathostomins difficult

A

PPP disease

45
Q

describe how to diagnose Cyathostomins

A

history and clinical signs - young animals, poor worming history
may see larve in faeces or on glove after rectal
Future- ELISA being developed

46
Q

List the clinical signs of acute larval Cyathostominosis

A

The one seen in spring
they are due to the mucosal damage caused by emergence of the late L3
colic
weight loss
D+- can be acute of chronic
wasting
or just death

47
Q

what are the clinical signs of autumn syndrome of Cyathostomins

A

when larvae entering intestinal wall – less common than that seen in the Spring
colic
D+ due to inflammation

48
Q

What age horse does O. equi affect

A

affect any age

49
Q

T/F O. equi survives well in the environment

A

False- parasite of stabled horse
eggs don’t survive well outdoors

50
Q

Describe the clinical signs of O. equi

A

anal pruritus and skin excoriation and/or myiasis
itchy tails

51
Q

Describe how to diagnose O. equi

A

Eggs in the perianal region on examination
Sellotape test – put on slide and examine under the microscope

52
Q

Describe how to treat O. equi

A

All anthelmintics should be effective
Can use topical or systemic anti-inflammatories to decrease pruritus and keep area clean with disposable material
Good stable hygiene – water troughs, mangers etc

53
Q

Is there any resistance for cyathostomes against Ivermectin and moxidectin

A

emerging

54
Q

what should you treat larval cyathastominosis with

A

moxidectin

55
Q

What should you threat Colic due to high Parascaris burden with

A

pyrantel

56
Q

what should you treat Recurrent colic and high ELSIA for Anaplocephala with

A

praziquantel
OR
double the standard dose of pyrantel

57
Q

Describe how to prevent larval cyathastominosis through pasture management

A

appropriate stocking
faecal collection
dung heaps seperate from grazing area
pasture rotation
grazing with ruminants

58
Q

which horses should we treat against parasites

A

Treat if faecal WEC > 250epg (Based on testing every 8-12 weeks throughout the grazing season) with ivermectin or pyrantel
Perform FEC reduction test 14 days after treatment

59
Q

what should we do with new horses arriving on a yard - regarding parasites

A

Treat new arrivals at yard and hold away from turn out for a minimum of 3 days (or ideally until FWEC reduction) is assessed

60
Q

when should we perform tapeworm ELISA in horses

A

in spring and autumn and treat if high Ab titre with pyrantel/ praziquantel

7- EQ- Gastrointestinal Disease (23 decks)

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