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Veterinary Medicine > Equine > Flashcards

Equine Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial keratitis and melting ulcers

A

Pseudomonas (gram-negative)

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2
Q

Toxic colic

A

Cantharidin (blister beetles) + Oleander + Rhododendron + Nightshades

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3
Q

DIC

A

Prolonged PT/PTT + thrombocytopenia + positive D dimers –> caused by severe colitis, pleuropneumonia or strangulating intestinal lesions

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4
Q

Aural plaques

A

Papillomavirus spread by black flies –> treat with topical imiquimod cream

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5
Q

Hyperkalemia periodic paralysis

A

Inherited skeletal muscle sodium channel disorder in Quarter Horses –> decrease dietary potassium

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6
Q

Thrush

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum: trim necrotic hoof + apply antiseptics and bandage + improve hygiene

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7
Q

Brucella abortus

A

Fistulous withers and poll evil in horses housed near cattle

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8
Q

Summer sores

A

Habronema or draschia spp larvae causing eosinophilic granuloma

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9
Q

Equine influenza

A

Orthomyxovirus

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10
Q

Uretero- and uroliths

A

Calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate

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11
Q

Theiler’s disease

A

Caused by tetanus antitoxin and equine biological products

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12
Q

Tyzzer’s disease

A

Clostridium piliformes: acute necrotizing hepatitis in foals

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13
Q

Ringworm

A

Trichophyton equinum or mentagrophytes or microsporum gypseum

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14
Q

Babesiosis

A

Imidocarb (antiprotozoal)

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15
Q

Potomac Horse Fever

A

Neorickettsia risticii: treat with oxytetracycline

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16
Q

DDFT contracture

A

Distal check desmotomy

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17
Q

SDFT contracture

A

Proximal check desmotomy

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18
Q

Whipworms in camels

A

Treat with panacur as resistent to ivermectin

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19
Q

Sand enteropathy

A

Psyllium (hemicellulose laxative) binds sand

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20
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

Quinidine

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21
Q

Sweet itch

A

Steroids + decrease exposure to gnat

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22
Q

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

A

Treat with oxytetracycline

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23
Q

Acute laminitis

A

Mineral oil or liquid paraffin (grain overload) + IV fluids + vasodilation (acepromazine) + NSAIDs ± opioids + box rest + shoe removal + transfer load to frog & sole + toe bevelling

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24
Q

Cyanide toxicity

A

Sodium nitrate or sodium thiosulfate

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25
Q

Neonatal foal meconium impaction

A

Acetylcysteine (antioxidant) enema

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26
Q

Strongylus edentatus

A

Ivermectin/moxidectin or pyrantel or fenbendazole

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27
Q

Onchocerca

A

vectored by culicoides —> treat microfilaria with ivermectin

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28
Q

Habronema

A

Stomach worm: vectored by stomoxys calcitrans

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29
Q

Thelazia

A

Eye worm vectored by musca autumnalis

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30
Q

Equine infectious anemia

A

Vectored by biting flies (tabanids) such as horse flies

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31
Q

Testing for strangles

A

GP culture is gold standard for active infection. GP PCR for carriers and confirming elimination of virus. Serology for assessing exposure or sequelae.

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32
Q

Testing for Equine Influenza Virus

A

Nasopharyngeal swab (PCR or ELISA) for acute cases. Serology for hemagglutination antibody test (> 4X increase is significant).

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33
Q

Testing for Equine Herpes Virus 1 & 4

A

Nasopharyngeal swab for PCR. Tracheal wash for viral antigen by immunofluorescence. Serology for IgM and IgG antibodies.

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34
Q

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

A

Sarcocystis neurona from opossums: Asymmetry + ataxia + atrophy of hind limbs. Treat with Ponazuril paste, Diclazuril tablets, or Sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine liquid suspension.

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35
Q

Verminous myeloencephalitis

A

Strongylus vulgaris, Halicephalobus deletrix, and Setaria spp: rare infection with sudden onset, deterioration and ultimately death.

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36
Q

Cauda Equina Neuritis

A

LMN signs of paresis or paralysis: chewing tail head, hypotonic anus, fecal retention, urinary incontinence, hindlimb ataxia. No treatment.

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37
Q

Cervical vertebral malformation

A

Wobbler syndrome: Wide based stance, proprioceptive deficits, ataxia + paresis + spasticity of hindlimbs.

38
Q

Occipito-atlanto-axial malformation

A

Rare disease of Arabian foals

39
Q

EHV-1 myeloencephalitis

A

Vasculitis of CNS: acute onset symmetrical hindlimb ataxia and weakness + hypotonic tail/anus + urinary incontinence.

40
Q

Polyneuritis Equi

A

Progressive immune-mediated lymphocytic infiltration with demyelination: paralysis of the tail + rectum + bladder + urethra

41
Q

Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy

A

Vitamin E deficiency: Trembling + ataxia + proprioceptive deficits + spasticity in hindlimbs + excessive recumbency + muscle atrophy.

42
Q

West Nile Virus

A

Depressed mentation + muscle fasciculations + ataxia + weakness + pyrexia. Vaccination reduces clinical signs. Diagnosis via serology for IgM capture ELISA (detects infection despite vaccination).

43
Q

Togavirus/Eastern/Western/Venezuelen Encephalitis

A

High mortality (75%): Depression + pyrexia + head pressing + circling + head tilt + proprioceptive deficits.

44
Q

Vestibular differentials

A

Bacterial otitis media/interna + GP empyema + Polyneuritis equi + viral labyrinthitis + traumatic skull fracture

45
Q

Oxyuris equi

A

Pin worms: Cement eggs around perineal region causing pruritis upon hatching.

46
Q

Habronema spp.

A

Stomach worm: Vectored by flies. Larvae migrate through skin to stomach.

47
Q

Habronemiasis

A

Summer sores: aberrant cutaneous larval migration causes ulcerative granulomatous lesions.

48
Q

Parascaris equorum

A

Ascarids: Foals infected by ingesting eggs. Migrate through liver to lungs and cause colic + respiratory signs (summer cold) + diarrhea

49
Q

Anoplocephala magna

A

Tape worm: heavy infection can cause anemia or GI disturbances.

50
Q

Strongyloides westeri

A

Transferred to foal in mare’s milk: possible cause for diarrhea in foals starting at 10 days of age.

51
Q

Strongylus vulgaris/edentatus/equines

A

Large strongyles: larval migration through liver, peritoneum and retroperitoneal space can cause colic, diarrhea and anemia.

52
Q

Trichostrongylus axei

A

Hairworm: small stomach worm often contracted from ruminants when sharing pasture.

53
Q

Onchocerciasis

A

Helminth vectored by culicoides. Adults live in nuchal ligament. Microfilariae migrate to cause dermatitis of ventral midline, pectorals and eyes. May also cause bull’s eye lesion on the head,

54
Q

Cyathostomins

A

Small strongyle: heavy infection may cause poor absorption and weight loss.

55
Q

Haematobia irritans

A

Horn fly: non-pruritic ventral midline dermatitis - wheals with central crust. Eggs deposited on cow feces.

56
Q

Hypoderma

A

Cattle grub: nodules along dorsum with pore on top.

57
Q

Stomoxys calcitrans

A

Stable fly: horse adapted blood feeders affecting legs + ventral abdomen.

58
Q

Tabanus/chrysops spp.

A

Horse/deer flies: Females feed on blood. Larvae require semiaquatic environment.

59
Q

Musca autumnalis

A

Horse face fly: transmit Thelazia lacrymalis worm

60
Q

Sweet itch

A

Seasonal: treat with steroids + decrease exposure

61
Q

Red Maple Leaves

A

Hemolytic anemia: cyanosis, brown blood, dark red/brown urine and icterus.

62
Q

Oak leaves and acorns

A

Quercus spp: Mucoid + hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Liver + kidney failure –> red urine + marked azotemia.

63
Q

Black walnut

A

Laminitis from shavings used as bedding

64
Q

Yellow star thistle

A

Nigropallidal encephalomalacia: chewing disease causing hypertonic facial muscles + weight loss

65
Q

Castor beans

A

Ricin: pyrexia + depression + colic + hemorrhagic diarrhea

66
Q

Stringhalt

A

Hypermetria + hyperflexion due to sweet pea/flatweed/cat’s ear/false dandelion poisoning.

67
Q

Fescue toxicosis

A

Neotyphodium coenophialum: fungus causes prolonged gestation or decreased milk production in mares.

68
Q

Cyanide toxicity

A

Cherries + choke cherries + Arrow/Sudan grass: cherry-red MM + tachypnea + cystitis –> treat with sodium thiosulfate or sodium nitrate.

69
Q

Jimsonweed/thorn apple

A

Atropine-like alkaloid –> treat with physostigmine.

70
Q

Astragalus spp.

A

Locoweed disrupts sugar metabolism: neurological + GI signs + Repro dysfuction.

71
Q

Oleander

A

Cardiac glycoside –> treat with anti-arrhythmic drugs.

72
Q

Bracken fern

A

Thiaminases cause blindness, depression, and weight loss.

73
Q

Correcting base deficit

A

Give bicarbonate (0.3 x BW x base deficit)

74
Q

Bog spavin

A

Synovial distension of tibiotarsal (hock) joint. Commonly bilateral.

75
Q

Bone spavin

A

Osteoarthritis of the hock. Short stride with toe drag.

76
Q

Jack spavin

A

Cunean bursitis or cunean tendonitis due to bone growth on medial hock.

77
Q

Curb

A

Thickening of plantar tarsal ligament due to strain

78
Q

Sweeny

A

Supraspinatus contracture

79
Q

Sidebone

A

Ossification of alar cartilages

80
Q

Ringbone

A

OA of coffin joint or interphalangeal joints.

81
Q

Splints

A

Desmitis of interosseous ligaments.

82
Q

Buttress foot

A

Extensor (pyramidal) process disease. Thick + indurated skin of coronet.

83
Q

Osselets

A

Inflammation of fetlock periosteum (dorsal). Chronic stress injury causes lameness and short choppy gait in thoracic limbs.

84
Q

Scratches

A

Chronic seborrheic dermatitis of palmar/plantar pastern.

85
Q

Gonitis

A

Arthritis of stifle joint.

86
Q

Seedy toe

A

Crumbly inner hoof surface.

87
Q

Sheared heels

A

Asymmetrical heels requiring trimming and corrective shoeing.

88
Q

Laminitis blood flow enhancers

A

Phenoxybenzamine (⍺-adrenergic antagonist), acepromazine, isoxsuprine hydrochloride (β-2 adrenergic agonist), DMSO, heparin, nitroglycerine.

89
Q

Equine Infectious Anemia

A

Viral disease vectored by horseflies. Pyrexia + weight loss + ventral edema + anemia. Coggins antibody test for chronic infection and asymptomatic carriers.

90
Q

African Horse Sickness

A

Viral disease vectored by culicoides. Pyrexia and conjunctivitis + respiratory or cardiac (supraorbital swelling) forms.

91
Q

Glanders

A

Burkholderia mallei bacteria: nasal disease + pulmonary nodular disease + cutaneous nodular disease. Diagnose with mallein test.

92
Q

Surra

A

Trypanosomal (protozoal) disease causing pyrexia + weakness + lethargy.

Veterinary Medicine (12 decks)

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