Equine 3 Flashcards
Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy. Which statement is true?
It is caused by EHV-2, on immuno-mediated basis, due to type 3 hypersensibilization
It is caused by EHV-1, or sometimes by EHV-4, on an immune-mediated basis, due to type 3 hypersensibilization
The symptoms can be seen in horses vaccinated against EHV because of immuno- complex based vasculitis
In foals neurlogic signs are less frequent
B ?
Which disease most resembles rabies in horses?
Tetanus
Botulismus
Equine Leukoencephalomalacia ELE
Equine Meningoencephalitis THEME caused by Heamophilus somnus
c
Equine laryngeal hemiplegia/diagnosis?
Grade 1: obvious asymmetry at test, no movements
Grade 3: asynchronous movement, no complete opening
Grade 1: asyncrhonicity, tremor, weak movements, complete open with
nasal occlusion
Grade 3: synchronicity, complete closure and opening
B
COPD(RAO)
Allergic disease
Chronic fungal infection
Chronic bacterial infection
Chronic viral infection
A
Guttural pouch mycosis/signs?
Unilateral nasal bleeding, fever, halitosis
Bilateral nasal discharge, fever, cough
Epistaxis, nasal discharge, dysphagia, laryngeal paralysis, Horner syndrome
Swollen parotid region, loss of appetite, weightloss, cough
C
Resp rate of normal adult horse is:
10-18 bpm
20-28
30-38
40-48
A
Which method is suitable for tracheal fluid sampling?
Aspiration via sterile catheter introduced through the endoscope
Induced cough
Aspiration through the accessory channel of the endoscope
Collection of nasal discharge under sedation when the head is lowered
C
A tracheal wash sample is suitable:
Culture
Cytology
Antibody sensitivity test
All three
D
Thoracocentesis possible side effect:
Pneumothorax
Thoracocentesis location
7-8th on left or 6-7th on right midway between shoulder and elbow.
Cranial border of the rib to avoid blood vessels and nerves!
Nose bleed in racehorse
Consequence of competition’s trauma
Consequence of incidence of lung-bleeding
Consequence of dope-using
B
Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH
– Exhausting competitions
– Racehorses, three-day-eventers, show jumpers…
Nose bleed in racehorse reasons
Trauma, haemorrhagic purpura, pharyngitis
Nasal-tumor, dominant successions, coagulopathy
Trauma, recessive thoroughbred-sick (EIPH), guttural pouch mycosis
C
Rhinitis in horse reasons
Strangles, satratoxicosis, smoke-, dust inhalation
Horse flu, fusariotoxicosis, gasterophilus larvae
Strangles, fumonisin toxicosis, hypoderma larvas
A
Ethmoid haematoma
Haematoma in region of nose or ethmoid, slow progression, nasal stridor, angiomatic tissue growth
Haematoma in sphenoid bone, unilateral nasal discharge, nervous symtoms
Haematoma in sphenoid bone, bilateral purulent nasal discharge, progressing in
weeks
A
Ethmoid hematome
- Extensive angiomatous tissue overgrowth
- Ethmoidal region, frontal and maxillar sinus
- Cause: unknown, in older horses
- Unilateral, bilateral
- Signs: nasal discharge (changing quality, usually unilateral), halitosis, respiratory sounds,
breathing abnormalities, periocular and/or facial swelling, headshaking, coughing
Maxillary sinusitis reasons in horse
Rhinitis, trauma, sedentation of parasitic larvae
Strangles, purulent periodontitis, rhinitis
Infectious artheritis, gasterophilus, strangles
B
Maxillary sinusitis syptoms
Nasal discharge on both sides which is haemorrhagic and purulent, facial deformation/pain, dyspnoe
Haemorrhagic discharge with debris on both sides during lowering of head, maxillary pain, salivation
Single side nasal discharge, region of maxillary pain, deformation
C
Guttural pouch tympany causes
Congenital, a plica salingopharyngea hypertrophy, air-outflow blocked
Hereditary, plica nsopharyngealis immaturity, intense air inflow into guttural
pouches
Tumescence of plica nasopharyngealis, consequence of strangles, hypertrophy of
guttural pouches
A
Guttural pouch tympany symtoms
Ballooning/pain of region of guttural pouches, dyspnea, regurgitation
Ballooning, of region of guttural pouches, tympanic percussion sound, paroxysmal
cough
Ballooning/palpation sensitivity of region of guttural pouches, incomplete dullness percussion sound, dysphagia
C
Nonpainful swelling, palpation, percussion (Viborg-triangle), uni/bilateral - Compression of the nasopharynx, labored breathing, dysphagia
Guttural pouch inflammation causes
Infection through Wilson-duct, -with spread over, caused by anaerob bacteria
Infection through Stenon-tunnel, consequence of strangles, caused by mycotic
disease
Infection through Eustachion tube, or with spread over, caused by bacteria or mycotic disease
C
Guttural pouch inflammation symptoms
During lowering of head purulent nasal discharge, ballooning of region of parotis, complications of nervous system
Consistent, hemorrhagic, purulent nasal discharge, tumescence in the throat, extension of the head, head tilt, proprioceptional disorder
Single side nasal discharge, sore tumescence in the sulcus jugularis, swallowing disorder
A
Purulent nasal discharge, painful, swollen region, labored breathing, dysphagia, extended neck - Chondroids
Dorsal displacement of the soft palate symptoms
Exercise intolerance, sounds during expiration, diagnose in necrotized condition via endoscope
Don’t cause exercise intolerance, sounds during expiration, diagnose in submaximal load via endoscope
Cause exercise intolerance, sounds during expiration, diagnose in submaximal load via endoscope
C
Tracheal collapse
Disease of ponies
Congenital disease
In big horses
A
Tracheal collapse
- Ponies, miniature horses
- Ligamentous part of trachea
- Negative pressure increases, other respiratory disoders in the background
- Circulus viciosus
Laryngeal hemiplegia causes
Idiopathic, common in carthorse, frequent occurrence in paryngo-laryngitis
Hereditary, in rhinopneumonitis, idiopathic distal axonopathy,
Hereditary in Arabian horses, n. vagus nucleus trauma, idiopathic
B
Crycoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle innervatory problem (n. recurrens)
Generalized distal axonopathy
- Causes: mechanical compression, inflammation, vitamin deficiency, paravenous injury, lead
toxicity, organophosphate, toxicity, toxic plants, mycosis, neoplasia
Laryngeal hemiplegia symptoms
During inspiration beep sound-rattle, dyspnea, swallowing disorder
During expiration beep sound-rattle, expiration dyspnea, sore swelling of muscles of
larynx
During inspiration stridor laryngis, fremitus laryngitis, barren larynx
C
Signs: typical inspiratory stridor, poor performance, palpation ‘slap’ test, rest and exercise endoscopy
Laryngeal hemiplegia diagnosis
Endurance test, endoscope, “slap” test
Keeping horse stopped, US exam, endoscope
Endurance test, larynx x-ray, “slap” test
B
Laryngeal oedema causes
Allergy, pneumony, bee-sting
Laryngitis, hemorrhagic purpura, insect-sting
Hemorrhagic purpura, laryngeal paralysis, lead poisoning
B
Purpura hemorrhagica is a noncontagious, immune-mediated vasculitis of horses that is characterized by subcutaneous edema of the head, ventral abdomen, and limbs and by petechial hemorrhages of the mucous membranes
PURPURA
HORSES
HEMORRHAGES
-Fill in the blank answers
Laryngeal oedema treatment
Prednisolone, laryngotomy, metronisazole
Laryngotomy, prednisolone, bromhexine inj
Prednisolone, tracheotomy, antihistamines
C
COPD diagnosis, complementary examination
TTL, atropine test, resp function exam, thorax x-ray
BAL-neutrophil %, atropine test, resp function exam, endoscopy
BAL and TTL-eosinophil %, thorax supersonic wave, lobelin test
B
COPD incidence
In older, stalled horses, giving mouldy hay
In free keeping horses, in hard working horses
In hereditary dispositional foals or horses
A
COPD etiology
Hereditary disposition, bacterial, viral bronchitis, race
Inspiration allergen (Micropolyspora faeni, Aspergillus spore), genetic predisposition
Allergic or bacterial resp disease hyperactivity
B
COPD pathogenesis
Bronchitispneumoniaemphysema pulmonis
Rhinitislaryngitisbronchitisallergen inspirationemphysema pulmonis
Hypersensitivity neutrophils accumulating intraluminal intraluminal fibrosis
emphysema
C
COPD 3rd grade CS
Frequent, light cough, dyspnea, border of lings shifting 1-2 ICS
Humid cough, broken-wind groove, border of lungs shifting 1⁄2 ICS
Paroxysmal cough, doubled expiration, border of lungs shifting 1 ICS
A
COPD 4th grade CS
Frequent paroxysmal cough, severe dyspnea, suffocating enlarged cardiac dullness
Frequent light cough, doubled expiration/broken-wing groove, border of lungs
shifting back 2 ICS
Frequent aching cough, inspirational dyspnea
B
COPD tx with glucocorticoids
Inspiration glucocorticoids dispose to pododermatitis
The best is prednisolone PO
It is contraindicated to give them with bronchodilators
B
Bronchodilators in horse
Clenbuterol, salmeterol, albuterol
Albuterol, atropine, bromhexine
Clenbuterol, acetylcysteine, dembrexine
A
Mucolytics for horses
Atropine, terbutaline, dembrexine
Acetylcysteine, bromhexine, dembrexine
Terbutaline, celbuterol, dexamethasone
B
Acute alveolar pulmonary emphysema causes
Allergic rxn, heavy physical strain, glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) poisoning
Autoimmune rxn, pulmonary aspiration, threadworm larvae
Trichostrongylosis, allergy, aflatoxin poisoning
A
CX:
Extreme work
Allergic reactions
toxicoses
Ground Ivy (Glechomahederacea) plant toxicosis
Acute alveolar pulmonary emphysema signs
Incr resp effort, caudal shift of lung border, dull-tympanic percussion sound
Serious dyspnea, 1-3 rib spaces shift of the lung border, cyanosis
Quick fatigue, epistaxis, tympanic percussion sound
B
Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
Epistaxis in English thoroughbreds, frequently returns, causes anaemia
Pulmonary hemorrhage in racehorses, caseous necrosis of the lung’s lobe, exercise
intolerance
Pulmonary hemorrhage after competition, recidivism, bleeding spontaneously stops
C
ronchitis-pneumonia origin of viral infection
EHV-1, equine influenza virus A, rhinovirus 2
Adenovirus A, equine reovirus A, equine arbovirus 1 and 2
Equine influenza virus 1 and 3, equine adenovirus, PI-B
A
Bacterial bronchitis pneumonia origin
Bordetella pneumoniae equi, Streptococcus pneumoniae equi, Chlamydia bronchiseptica
Streptococcus equi, Rhodococcus equi, Bordetella bronchiseptica
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae equi, Chlamydophila equi, Corynebacterium pyogenes
B
Bacterial bronchitis pneumonia origin
Bordetella pneumoniae equi, Streptococcus pneumoniae equi, Chlamydia bronchiseptica
Streptococcus equi, Rhodococcus equi, Bordetella bronchiseptica
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae equi, Chlamydophila equi, Corynebacterium pyogenes
B
Mycotic bronchitis pneumonia origin
Pneumocystic carinii, Aspergillus species, Histoplasma equi
Coccidiodes equi, Pneumocystis carinii, Actinobaculum equi
Histoplasma capsulatum, Rhinosporidium seeberi, Coccidiodes immitis
C
Horses with compromised immune response
– Parasites
Pneumocystis carinii
Parascaris equorum
Dyctiocaulus arnfieldi (donkeys, mules)
– Fungi
Histoplasma capsulatum
Rhinosporidium seeberi
Coccidioides immitis
Aspergillus, Candida, Mucor, Rhizopus sp.
Cryptococcus neoformans
Horses with compromised immune response
– Parasites
Pneumocystis carinii
Parascaris equorum
Dyctiocaulus arnfieldi (donkeys, mules)
– Fungi
Histoplasma capsulatum
Rhinosporidium seeberi
Coccidioides immitis
Aspergillus, Candida, Mucor, Rhizopus sp.
Cryptococcus neoformans
Bronchopneumonia characteristics
Catarrhal style, bacterial origin, lobular extent
Catarrhal-purulent, bacterial origin, interstitial
Effusion, bacterial origin, interstitial
A
Viral pneumonia characteristics
Lobular
interstitial, hepatic character, becoming chronic
Interstitial fibrosis and/or secondary bacterial infection
hypoxia, acidosis
C
Croupous pneumonia stages
Yellow hepatisation grey hepatisation resolution
Fibrinous haemorrhagic hepatisation crisis
Hyperaemia hepatisation resolution
C
Gangrenous pneumonia pathogenesis
Aspiration, putrid bronchitis lung cavities septicaemia
Pneumonia crouposa, exsudate putrid bacteria
Metastasis or transmission; purulent localization in the lungs infection with protease bacteria
A
Purulent pneumonia CS
Languor, serous-purulent nasal discharge, dullness with horizontal upper border by percussion, dyspnea
Weakness, purulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, whistling-wheezing resp sounds
Fever, bloody-frothy nasal discharge, dyspnea, dry cough, wide dullness
B
Croupous pneumonia CS
Peracute, racking cough, by mobbing stronger dyspnea, dullness with horizontal upper border, course within 1w
Course in 2-3w, freq becomes chronic, serous nasal discharge, dullness, catarrhal resp sounds
Acute course: 2w, high fever, serosanguinous nasal discharge, wide dullness, dyspnea/cyanosis
C
High fever, nasal discharge: mucous, yellow or reddish, viscous
– coughing: rare, painful, weak mixed, abnormal
– auscultation: respiratory sounds,
– percussion: atelectasis dullness
Gangrenous pneumonia CS
Within days fast general health decay
death, malodorous-putrid breath, smelly nasal discharge, dyspnea
Course in 1-2wfreq death, bloody-purulent nasal discharge, rapid, often cough, splashing sounds in the dullness area
Typically insp dyspnea, wide dullness, catarrhal resp sounds, long recovery
A
Aspiration pneumonia – localization of the dullness and resp sounds
Lower third of the chest, region of the cardiac basis
Caudal third of lungs, where the ventilation is bad
Craniodorsal part of the lungs
A
Pneumonia treatment – antibacterial agents
Ampicillin, lincomycin, ticarcillin, metronidazole
Amoxicillin, gentamycin, tilozin, cephalexin
Cephalexin, clindamycin, metronidazole, neomycin
B
Antibacterial drugs used in equine pneumonia
Amoxicillin - 30mg/kg/12h IV, IM
Ampicillin - 20mg/kg/8hIV, PO
Cefquinom - 1-2mg/kg/24h IV, IM
Gentamycin - 6.6mg/kg/24h IV
Kanamycin - 5-10mg/kg/24h IM, IV
Metronidazole - 25mg/kg/12h PO
Rifampin - 5-10mg/kg/12hPO
trimethoprim+sulfadiazine - 15-30mg/kg/12h IV,
Pleuropneumonia aerobic bacteria
Streptococcus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma equi, Actinobacilus multiformis
Bacteroides fragilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, fusobacterium
Streptococcus equi, pasteurella, Actinobacillus equi
C
Pleuropneumonia anaerobic bacteria
Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium sp., fusobacterium
Klebsiella equi, Fusobacterium virilise, Mycoplasma felis
Actinobacillus pneumonia, Clostridium multifactoralis, Bacteroides
pleuropneumoniae
A
Pleuropneumonia CS
Whistling and wheezing resp sounds, cardiac dullness, discharge of transudate
Dullness with horizontal uppor border by percussion, no respiration, by puncture:
exsudation
Discharge of inflammatory exsudate, loud catarrhal resp sounds, chest oedema
B
Pleuropneumonia treatment
Thoracocentesis, dexamethasone, sulfadimidine, aminophylline
Thoracocentesis, bromhexin, prednisolone, gentamicin
Antimicrobial therapy, flunixin-meglumide, lowering of the pleural exsudate
C
Equine pneumonia/treatment/antibacterial drugs
Ampicillin, lincomycin, metronidazole
Amoxicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole
Clindamycin, metronidazole, neomycin
Erythromycin, clarithromycin, amphotericin
B
COPD (RAO)/ Bronchoalveolar lavage sample
Neutrophils <2%, eosinophils >2%
Mast cells >20%
Eosinophils >2%, neutrophils >5%
Neutrophils >20%
D
Equine pneumonia/treatment/antibacterial drugs?
Ampicillin, lincomycin, metronidazole
Amoxicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole
Clindamycin, metronidazole, neomycin
Erythromycin, clarithromycin, amphotericin
B
Equine laryngeal hemiplegia/ Diagnosis
Auscultation, “slap” test
Occlusion of the nostrils; US exam of the larynx; radiographic examination of
the larynx
Endoscopy, palpation, “slap” test
Computed tomography, endoscopy
C
COPD(RAO)/Which statement is NOT true/horse?
Occasionally mild radiographic changes in the lungs: interstitial, bronchial, peribronchial pattern
Usually severe radiographic changes in the lungs: fibrosis, chronic oedema
Thoracic radiography mainly serves for differential diagnostic purposes
Bronchectasia and increased air content sometimes visible on chest x-ray
B
Tracheal collapse in horses/occurence
English thoroughbred horses
Large, jumping horses
Ponies, miniature horses
Large, draft horses
C
Aspiration pneumonia/localisation of dullness and abnormal respiratory sounds/horse?
Lower third of the thorax, over the heart base
The caudal third of the lungs, because of poor ventilation in this region
Craniodorsal part of the lungs
Caudodrosal lung quadrant
A
How can we treat pleuropneumonia in horses?
Thoracocentesis, dexamethasone, sulfadimidin, aminophylline
Thoracocentesis, bromhexin, prednisolone, gentamycin
Antimicrobial therapy, flunixin, meglumin, thoracic drainage
Thoracotomy, dexamethason, bromhexine
C
COPD (RAO)/Drugs/Horse
Clenbuterol, atropine, fluticazon
Albuterol, ipratropium, trilostane
Salmeterol, aminofillin, edrophonium
Antihistamines, aspirin
A
Caudal shift of the caudal lung border. It is characteristic for?
EGME
RAO
ELE(M)
FLUTTTD
B
Bronchitis-pneumonia/Etiology/Obligate pathogenic viruses/Horse
Equine herpesvirus-1 and 4, equine influenza virus-A, african horse sickness virus
Equine adenovirus, equine reovirus-1 and 3, african horse sickness virus
Equine herpesvirus-2, equine adenovirus, parainfluenza virus-3
Rhinovirus, herpesvirus, coronavirus
A
COPD (RAO) common occurrence:
In older horses kept in stables and getting mouldy hay
b) In horses kept on pasture and in horses performing hard exercise
c) In young foals after chronic respiratory infection
d) Most common in thoroughbreds, trotters and younger sport horses
A
Bronchodilators for horses
Ioperamid, albuterol, aminophylline (teophylline)
Albuterol, dimethyl-sulfoxide, bromhexin
Salbutanol, acetylcysteine, dembrexin
Clenbuterol, albuterol, aminophylline (theophylline)
D
Rhabdomyolytic myoglobinuria in horses
Disease with paralysis like locomotion disorder and myoglobinuria of untrained cold- blooded due to an extremely heavy work
Disease with paralysis like locomotion disorder and myoglobinuria of continuously working cold-blooded horse
Disease with paralysis like locomotion disorder and myoglobinuria of untrained racer due to an extremely heavy and uncommon exercise
B
myoglobinuria paralytica
myoglobinuria paralytica
In the past: Monday Morning Disease
Occurrence: in heavy-working draft horses, after 2-3 days rest, full feeding
Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition pathogenesis
2-3d rest in strong well-fed horses, then hard work within transition
1 week rest in well-fed horses, then hard work within transition
In undernourished, yoke horses, for the sake of grim-hard work
A
Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition pathogenesis
Muscular-glycogen incrlocal lactic acid incr + hypoxemiamuscular contraction incrzenker muscular paralysis + myoglobinuria
Hypoxia muscular glycogen decoupling incr local lactic acid incr Zenker- muscular necrosisparalysis + myoglobinuria
81
Muscular glycogen synthesis incrlactic acid decroupling incr + hypoxemia muscular contraction decrmuscular bulgeZenker muscular paralysis + myoglobinuria
A
Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition symptoms
After the first interception within 2-3h: lameness, wobbly, drop down, rump muscular bulge, saw-horse position, brown-ruddy urine
After the first interception within 2-3h: serious lameness, wobbly, downfall, rump muscular bulge, pasty delicate muscular, brown ruddy urine
Normal walk, wobbly, downfall, rump muscular bulge, compact rubber delicate muscle, brown-ruddy urine
C
History, acute course, disorder of locomotion
Swollen, rigid, painful (gluteal) muscles)
MYOGLOBINURIA(NEPHROSIs, renal failure)
Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition effects
Muscular atrophy, lameness, recumbencydeath ?
Claudication, debilitation, renal failure
Atrophic muscular slow degeneration, claudication, myocardosis
B
Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition prevention
a) During rest days be aware of changing the feed, ensure the calm of the resting horse, gradual increase of the forage portion
b) Half forage portion under rest days, ducting, after first interception humane loading?
c) During rest days vitamin B supplement, be aware that the horses are under calm condition in their equerry, they have limitations under hard work in the first day
C
Prevention: when resting – energy decrease, slight movement, gradual working after resting
Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition what to do
Try to rig up the recumbent horse to put up to walk, give it vitamin B, blood-letting
Transfer the recumbent horse to its equerry and place it to a hammock, abet the
healing with blood-letting and vit B inj
Immediately terminate the work, grooming, give it NaHCO3, flunixin-meglumide, if a horse cannot stand up, it has a big change to die
C
Muscular degeneration (myalgia) incidence in horse tying up
Racehorse under hard/drastic load, stress, individual sensibility
Racehorses with hard loading without training, after transport, inherited individual sensibility
Syndrome under horse transportation or racing, it’s familiar in studs, the individual sensibility has a big lead in it
A
Muscular degeneration (myalgia) symptoms in horse
Claudication, drop with comedown, hobbyhorse attitude
Racehorses with hard loading without training, after transport, inherited individual
sensibility
Breast-, loins-, thigh muscular to be swollen and to be stiff, serious and irreversible
lameness, renal failure
C
Pathophysiology of post-exercise myopathy (myoglobinuria paralytica)/Horse?
Muscular-glycogen ↑ -> local lactic acid ↑ -> vasoconstriction due to hypoxaemia -> Zenker type myopathy -> muscular-paralysis + myoglobinuria
Hypoxia -> anaerobe glycolysis ↑-> local lactic acid ↑ -> myonecrosis -> + myoglobinuria + tubulonephrosis
Hypoxia -> anaerobe glycolysis ↑ -> local lactic acid ↑ -> Zenker type myopathy -> + myoglobinuria + immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
A
hypoxia in the muscles
muscle spasm
ischemia
local lactic acid cc. ↑
myopathy
myoglobinaemia
myoglobinuria
cardiac muscle myopathy, tubulonephrosis
Physical properties of horse urine
Mucous containing mucin, muddy, rich in Ca-carbonate
Streams easily, contains mucin, translucid, contains Mg-P
Streams with difficulty, contains protein, translucid, contains Ca-Oxalate
B
Cause of renal infarction
Large necrosis, hemophilic area in cortex of kidney, embolia renalis, migration of Strongylus vulgaris 0 thrombosis – embolia
Circumscribed infarct with hemorrhagic area in kidney, embola in arteria renalis, migration of Strongylus vulgaris – thrombosis – embolia
B
Wandering strongylus vulgaris larvae ! kidney ! endarteritis –Z thrmbosus for example embolus ! (occlusion) of renal arteries ! renal infarct
Other embolus from endocarditis: embolic nephritis
Renal infarct CS
Deterioration of hematuria, colic, renal failure
Serious hematuria – shock – bleeding out
Sudden occurrence of large amount of urine, enlarged kidneys
C
Clinical signs
- acute haematuria
- dullness
- anaemia (fatal bleeding rare)
- rectal findings: enlarged kidney, fremitus renal artery
Causes of nephrotoxicosis from drugs or chemicals
Gentamicin, hemoglobin/myoglobin, heavy metals
Aminoglycosides, glucocorticoids, Pb, Hg, Se
Cephalosporins, NSAID’s, aflatoxin
A
Causes of nephrotoxicois
myoglobinemia (myoglobinuria), hemoglobinemia
nonsteroid/steroid antinflammatorics (flunixin, phenylbutazone)
antibiotics (e.g. neomycin, gentamicin) + water deprivation!
endotoxemia
Hg-, As-, Se-, Cd- compounds → necrosis
Vitamin K3, D2 and D3 toxicity
Causes of vitamin nephropathy
Calciferol, riboflavine, menadion, nikotinacid
Menadion-natrium, ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol
Tocoferol, menadion-natrium, calciferol
B
Plants and drugs causing nephrosis acuta
Aflatoxin, ochratoxin, tetracyclines, gentamicin, levamisole
Fumonisin, aflatoxin, plants rich in oxalate, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins
Mycotoxins, plants rich in oxalate aminoglycosides, monensin
C
Severe acute nephrosis/combined aetiology/horse?
Endotoxaemia + repeated flunixin meglumine + dehydration
Endotoxinaemia + repeated flunixin meglumine + overdosed HAES-infusion
Repeated flunixin meglumine + NSAID + cephalosporins
Clostridium botulinum toxin + repeated furosemide infections
A
Skin:
Which statement describes sycosis horses?
Folliculitis on the back due to the untended saddle
Folliculitis long hair follicles on the hock, dorsal margin of the neck, root of the tail
Painful pustulous skin disease appearing on the skin of neck, back due to poor
handling
B
Characteristics of urticaria in horses?
Can be caused by inhaled allergens (fungi), rounded wheals on the skin within minutes or hours. Usually fast healing, but it might reoccur
Can be caused by inhaled allergens (dust), rounded wheals on the skin within days. Always fast healing
Can be caused by fodder (e.g. oat), rounded wheals on the skin always together with small bleedings of mucosa membranes (nose, mouth)
Caused by nettle plant, allergic reaction with pruritus and alopecia, rapid regeneration
A
Etiology of secondary photodermatitis in horses?
Uptake of photosensibilizing plants
Accumulation of phylloerythrin (from chlorophyll) caused by hepatic insufficiency
Retention of photosensibilizing substances because of renal failure
Contact dermatitis caused by pasture plants phylloerythrin
B
Horse with photosensitivity on the pigmentless/white skin areas is usually related to a liver problem in the
background – check for liver disease (blood sampling)
Liver can’t eliminate phyerythrin?? (found in plants)
Photosensitisation/which statement is not true?
Hypericum perforation (st. johns wort) causes primary photosensitization
Fagopyrum esculentum & lupinus albus cause secondary photosensitisation
Hepatogenous photosensitisation is characterised by phylloerythrin accumulation
The colchicine does not cause photosensitization
B
Secretolytics for horses?
Atropine, terbutaline, dembrexine
Acetylcysteine, bromhexine, dembrexine
Terbutaline, clenbuterol, dexamethasone
Clenbuterol, albuterol, dembrexine
B
Atrial fibrillation in horses treatment:
Quinidine sulphate
Procainamide
Lidocaine
A
Atropine toxicosis/horse/treatment?
Pilocarpine
Physostigmine
Metoclopramide
Lidocaine
B
Intestinal motilisers for horses (prokinetics)
Flunixin meglumine, metoclopromaide
Neostigmine, lidocaine
Xylazine, neostigmine
Morphine, neostigmine, lidocaine
B
IV lidocaine is used in the treatment of postoperative ileus in people and has been shown to be useful in treating ileus and proximal duodenitis-jejunitis in horses
EIPH/ horse/ therapy
Furosemide
Antibiotics
Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs
Glucocorticoids
Vitamin C
A
COPD (RAO)/Drugs/Horse?
Clenbuterol, atropine, fluticazon
Albuterol, ipratropium, trilostane
Salmeterol, aminofillin, edrophonium
Antihistamines, aspirin
A
Secretolytics for horses?
Atropine, terbutaline, dembrexine
Terbutaline, imodium
Terbutaline, clenbuterol
Acetylcysteine, bromhexine
D
Glucocorticoids for horses (in RAO/COPD)?
Beclometazon, triameinolone, fluticazon
Bromhexine, dembrexine, dobutrex
Albuterol, clenbuterol, salmeterol
Atropine, ipratropium bromide, scopolamine bromide
A
Neonatal pharyngeal weakness/foal?
Clinical signs: milky nasal discharge, bruxism, fever
Physiologic up to 2-4 weeks of age
Treatment with calcium
Treatment with antibiotics and NSAIDs
B
EGUS/clinical signs/foals/NOT true?
Diarrhoea
Salivation
Colic
Fever
D
General therapy in equine hepatitis diseases?
Diet low in carbohydrates, vitamin B, folic acid, lactulose
Diet restricted in protein, glucose iv., insulin, B-vitamins, antioxidants
Diet low in lipids, insulin, heparin
Diet high in lipids, vitamin E
B
Causes and features of Tyzzer-disease in horses?
Listeria monocytogenes-caused meningoenphalitis
Actinobacillus equulis infection, septicaemia in foals
Clostridium piliforme acute hepatitis in foals
Clostridium botulinum, hepatocencephalopathy in foals
C
General therapy in equine hepatic diseases?
Diet low in carbohydrates, vitamin B6, folic acid, lactulose
Diet restricted in protein, glucose iv, insulin, B-vitamins, antioxidants
Diet low in lipids, insulin, heparin
Diet high in lipids, vitamin E
B
Additional diagnostic methods in Equine hepatic diseases:
Ultrasound examination, Ultrasound guided biopsy
Ultrasound examination, ultrasound guided liver biopsy
Doppler ultrasound, radiography, diagnostic laparotomy
Creatinine clearance test, Bromsulphthalein, clearance test
B
Large Strongyles may cause?
Thromboembolism
Chronic diarrhoea
Intussusceptions
Gastric ulceration
A
Chorioptes mange affects horses’?
Head
Limbs
Mane
Ventral abdomen
B
Blood-sucking lice in horses:
Haematopinus asini can cause anaemia in foals
Linognathus vituli causing anaemia and weakness
Hippobosca equienea; can cause anaemia in adult horses
A
Blister beetle causes?
Intussusception, anaemia, hypokalaemia
Diarrhoea, haematuria, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcaemia
Diarrhoea, myocardial necrosis, hypochloraemia, hypermagnesemia
Gastric ulceration, oliguria, invagination
B
Ethmoid hematoma/cause?
Traumatic injury of the ethmoid region (e.g. nasogastric tubing)
Secondary to hemostatic problems
Angiomatous tissue overgrowth
Neoplastic origin
Curative treatment of hypovolaemic shock in horses
Perfusion, isotonic infusion 10-20 ml/ttkg/24h, dextran
40-50ml hypertonic infusion/24h, perfusion
40-60 ml/ttkg Ringer-liquor; fast infusion, dextran-liquor, plasma inf.
C
Haemolytic anaemia causes in horses
Infectious anaemia, babesiosis, leptospirosis, immune-/autoimmune processes
Infectious anaemia, leptospirosis, listeriosis, immune-/autoimmune processes
Infectious anaemia, horse plague, strangles, immune processes
A
Haemolytic syndrome of foals ?
Destruction of the equine foetus, in 1-w posprandially weakness, haemolyticus icterus death
Immunogenetic origin, after colostral uptake, 1/2-3d postprandially, haemolysis, icterus
Blood type incompatibilitydestruction of the fetus in the uterus, icterus at birth, haemoglobinuria, unviability
B
Congenital coagulopathies in horses
Haemophilia-A and –B, in stallions; von Willebrand disease: recessive inheritance, in mares
Haemophilia B: Belgian horses and ponies; von Willebrand disease: symptoms in elderly horses
Haemophilia-A: recessively inherited in stallions; von Willebrand-disease: recessively inherited, independent from sex
C
Haemorrhagic purpura causes
Immune complex production in chronic purulent processesimmune-originated vasculitisplasma and blood outflow
Immune disease in horses after viral infections immune complex forming immune-originated vasculitisplasma and blood outflow
Autoimmune disease, immune complex formation vasculitis of autoimmune originplasma and blood outflow
A
Aetiology and pathogenesis:
Long lasting purulent inflammation (e.g. strangles)
Immune complex (IgA + antigen) deposition on vessel walls ! vascular lesion,
extravasation of blood and plasma into tissues
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (hypersensitivity vasculitis)
Haemorrhagic purpura symptoms
Haemorrhages, haematomas, “elephant leg”, “hippo head”, hypovolaemia
Haemorrhages in the mucous membranes, skin oedema, oedema of the head, leg, ventral
abdominal hypoproteinemia
Urticaria, haemorrhages, exsudation under the skin and in coelomae, hypovolaemic shock
B
First symptoms of haemorrhagic purpura, localisation
Glottis, conjunctiva
Internal nasal wings, lips
Mucosa of the praeputium, outer genital organs
B
Haemorrhagic purpura treatment
NSAID treatment, transfusion, isotonic infusion, ABs
Glucocorticoid treatment, transfusion, infusion of glucose, heparin
Treatment of purulent process (abscess), dexamethasone, blood plasma IV, ABs to treat the original matter
C
Thrombophlebitis therapy in horse
Locally: ice packing, parenteral: prednisolone, ABs, operation: phlebotomy
Locally: iodine paste, parenteral: NSAID-drugs, ABs, operation, phlebotomy
Locally: prednisolone-paste, parenteral: heparin, ABs, operation: phlebotomy, transplantation from v. femoralis
C
Thrombophlebitis prevention in horse
In case of several IV injections rotating, using correct IV catheter, heparin flush through the catheter
Compliance with the regulation of IV application, catheter sterilization/heparin, we do not ive tissue-irritant materials IV
Keep the asepsis, applicating tissue irritant material to the vein is allowed only when also use heparin, use vein needle as thin as possible
C
Hyperlipaemia of mares occurrence
Lipemic blood plasma is a symptom characteristic of a metabolic disease of Arabian mares, which occurs often after exercise
In this serious metabolic disease, that occurs mainly in mares before parturition, hyperlipaemia is the main symptom, blood triglyceride >5-6mmol/L
The around parturition often occurring lipidaemia is a symptom suggesting hepatopathy
B
Hyperlipaemia of mares pathogenesis
In draft mares, pregnancy, physical overload, malnutrition
Idiopathic disposition, low energy nutrition, in the last trimester of pregnancy, wasting disease
Breed disposition, pregnancy, obesity, stress, anorexia
C
Hyperlipaemia of mares symptoms?
Colic weakness, hepatocerebral syndrome, lipermic plasma
Colic, fever, icterus, weakness, disturbed plasma
Lack of appetite, diarrhea, icterus, nervous signs, bloody-disturbed plasma
Depression, anorexia, colic, lethargy, abnormal gait, hepatoencephalopathy (coma), recumbency, death
A
Hyperlipaemia of mares treatment
Antispasmodic/sedatives, in case of colic: walking, high energy nutrition, infusion several times
Stall rest, 4h long drip infusion/Ringer solution + glucose, artificial nutrition, liver protective therapy
Gentle treatment, regular walking, glucose infusion several times, insulin, heparin
B
Hyperlipaemia of mares prevention and prognosis
Suitable management and nutrition, avoid exercise during pregnancy. Reacts good to therapy.
Good nutrition during pregnancy, vitamin supplementation. It is mostly favourable without treatment.
Avoid fattening during pregnancy, avoid stress and predisposing diseases. Therapy is often ineffective, high death risk.
C
Yellow fat disease and steatosis horse
Fat tissue discoloration, degeneration, and steatitis mainly in pony foals
Yellow discoloration of SC fat tissue in overfed horses. Icterus, swelling in the fat
tissue.
In lg breed, fat horses. Yellow swellings in the skin, formation of increments, icterus
A
Yellow fat disease and steatosis pathogenesis
Fat degeneration and steatitis because of Fe- and E-vitamin deficiency, Fe- and/or Se- deficient nutrition, formation of glutathione-peroxidase decr
Lesions of adipocytes because of fatty acid peroxidases at the embryonic stage, Se or E-vitamin deficiency, food rich in peroxidases
In areas lacking Se, without Fe-replacement in case of dominance of oxiperoxidases: adipocytes degeneration and necrosis
B
Yellow fat disease and steatosis symptoms
Muscle weakness, gradually slowing movement, SC oedema, painful movement of neck.
Skin discoloured into yellow; yellow, palpable, sensitive swellings on the head + neck
Muscle weakness, foal paralysis, painful movement of the head and neck, painful
swellings on the neck
A
Yellow fat disease and steatosis treatment and prevention
High energy/carbohydrate food, Se and E-vitamin replacement, analgesics
Liver protective therapy, glucose infusions, analgesics
Food rich in fibre, analgesics, spasmolytics, physiotherapy
A
