Equine 1 Flashcards
Indirect causes of diarrhoea
NSAIDs, AB
Increased borborygmi sound causes
Spasmodic colic
Dereased borborygmi sound causes
Obstruction( displacements, strangulation , paralysis)
Direction of colonic torsion
> 90 most of the time (270- 720, medially & dorsally)
Causes of colic in geriatric horses
Pendunculated lipoma, obstruation – bad dentition
Drug for acting against endotoxins
Polymyxin-B, Flunixin meglumin
Where would you look for sand impaction on an US?
Right dorsal (most common) / ventral colon
Name 4 windows of US abdomen
Stomach: left 10 –(12th) - 15th
Spleen & left kidney: left 16th IC space
Duration of polyethylene catheter
up to 3 days
% of thrombophlebitis
18.5%
Treatment of proximal enteritis
removal of gastric reflux, intravenous administration of balanced electrolyte solutions, lidocaine as a continuous intravenous infusion, drugs designed to combat the ill effects of endotoxemia ( Flunixin)
Liver enzyme parameter
GGT (SDH, AST, BA, GLDH)
Most common physiological arrhythmia
2nd degree AVBlock
Most common physiological arrhythmia
2nd degree AVBlock
Which nerve is affected if the tongue is paralyzed
N.hypoglossus
What is isosthenuria and how to dx it
Normal: SG >1.020, Isothenuria SG<1.020
* Causes: AKD, CKD – glomerulonephritis – PLN
* EIA, lepto, EHV
* TX: fluid therapy, inc. CHO dec. protein, glucocorticoids, plasma
Nerve block for cheek tooth 208? Extraction?
N. Maxillaris
Non-musical adventitious resp sound
Non-musical rhonchi (crepitation, crackling or rattling sound)
* Sudden arising and stopping sounds
* These noises are generated at the beginning (larger bronchi >2mm) or end (smaller bronchi<2mm) of inspiration, sometimes continuing to the beginning of expiration. They occur in areas that are not adequately filled with respiratory gases but are infiltrated with fluid.
These sounds are caused by the abrupt opening of previously closed bronchi + vibration of the small bronchial wall
Early inspiratory or expiratory crepitation and crackling:
* obstruction of bronchi that are >2 mm in diameter (e.g. bronchopneumonia, COPD) Late inspiratory crepitation and crackling:
3
* compression of the bronchi <2 mm in diameter (pulmonary edema, interstitial pneumonia, neoplasms, pulmonary emphysema)
Most important measurement technique during GA
Blood-gas
Artery for taking pulse rate
A transversa faciei
Respiratory rate physiological
8-16
What to do with pelvic flexure Obstipation?
Nasogastric Tubing water and oil
Surgery: enterotomy
Most distal perineural nerve block that blocks entire hoof
Abaxial sesamoid
Which tooth is most commonly affected in 10 year old horses?
2/3rd mandibular cheek teeth 407/408 or 307/308 3/4th maxillary teeth( 4th maxillary molar – oldest) (108/109 or 208/209)
Ocular examination which drug dose and effect?
1% tropicamide sympathomimetic – local anaesthetic
Atopine – mydriasis
Opthalmoscope
Induction of anaesthesia
Ketamine
Most common skin tumors
Sarcoid
What is the most common side for ocd lesions in horses with exact description of place and joint?
DIRT- distal intermediate ridge of the tibia dorsal In the talocrural joint
Cranial distal aspect of the intermediate ridge of the tibia
What is the most common gastric disease in adult horses?
Gastric ulcer - EGUS
The predilection site of OCD in the equine hock is
The central part of the distal intertarsal joint
The medial malleolus
The talocalcanei joint
Sustentaculum tali
The medial malleolus
The predilection site of OCD in the equine hock is
The central part of the distal intertarsal joint
The medial malleolus
The talocalcanei joint
Sustentaculum tali
The medial malleolus
The proper name of the skyline-view for the examination of the equine carpus is
Dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique view
Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
Caudoproximal-craniodistal oblique view
Palerolateral view
Dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique view
The exclaiming time needed to see an osteophyte formation on equine radiograph is
1-2w
2-3w
3-5w
4-7w
3-5W
The exclaiming time needed to see an osteophyte formation on equine radiograph is
1-2w
2-3w
3-5w
4-7w
3-5W
The proper name of the “oxpring’ view for the examination of the navicular bone is:
Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
Caudoproximal-craniodistal oblique view
Palmarolateral view
B
The proper name of the “oxpring’ view for the examination of the navicular bone is:
Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
Caudoproximal-craniodistal oblique view
Palmarolateral view
B
The most common site of sub-chondral bone cyst in equine is: 7
Medial femoral condyle
Lateral femoral condyle
Medial trochlea
Lateral trochlea
A
Where can a Birkenlund fracture be found in a horse?
In the dorsal recess of the fetlock joint
In the palmar/plantar recess of the fetlock joint
In the dorsal recess of the…
B
OCD location in hock?
DIRT- distal intermediate ridge of the tibia dorsal In the talocrural joint
Which statement is false?
Phenothiazines should be used with care in stallions
Phenothiazines are not usable in shock patients
Midazolam is an adequate drug to treat tetanus in horses
Phenothiazines are given most frequently to colic horse to reduce visceral pain
D
Which is false?
Ketamine cannot be given to a standing horse to relieve pain
b. Lidocaine can be given to a standing horse to relieve pain
c. Lidocaine administered IV can have adverse effects on the CNS of a hrose
d. Neuropathy can develop due to inadequate positioning during anaesthesia
C
Which is true?
Left laryngeal hemiplegia more common in ponies
Tracheal collapse is more common in thoroughbreds
Guttural pouch tympany typically affects older horses
Lymphoid hyperplasia typically affects young horses
D
Which is false regarding the Winslow herniation (hernia foraminis omentalis) in horses?
Cribbing and aerophagia are predisposing factors
At late, intolerant stage of colic, the animal is apathic
Mostly the ileum or jejunum is involved
This kind of herniation is also called right dorsal displacement of the large colon
D
In the colic horse surgery the large colon enterotomy should be created to rinse out the content of the
Dorsal colon
Ventral colon
Pelvic flexure
Ligamentum caeco-colicum
C
The advised surgical method to treat upward fixation of the patella in horses is:
Lateral femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy
Medial femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy
Intermediate femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy
B
How do you suture the trachea of a horse?
Min 1 layer
Min 2 layers
Min 3 layers
Min 4 layers
B
How can you perform a more or less “specific” anaesthetise the origin of the suspensory ligament (m. interosseus medius) in the front limb?
High palmar nerve block
Lateral palmar nerve block
Carpometacarpal joint anaesthesia
N. medianus anaesthesia
B
How can you perform a more or less “specific” anaesthetise the origin of the suspensory ligament (m. interosseus medius) in the front limb?
High palmar nerve block
Lateral palmar nerve block
Carpometacarpal joint anaesthesia
N. medianus anaesthesia
B
How can you anaesthetize the origin of the suspensory ligament (interosseus medius) on the hind leg?
With the abaxial sesamoidean block
With the low six point block – it will be anaesthetized within 30 min
With the deep branch anest. Of the lat. Plantar nerve
With the high plantar nerve anaesthesia
C
Intermittent lameness horse
Lameness occurring in comitions because of the degeneration of the femoral muscles plus haemoglobinuria
Moving disability of the HLs occurring in loading disappearing at rest, with unknown origin
Lameness of sport horses receiding for loading, caused by the thrombosis of the terminal aorta or iliac arteries
B
Intermittent lameness symptoms horse?
-Movement disorders in one of the HLs when loaded, disappearing after 20mins of resting
Feel wobbly when loaded, lameness of the HLs, disappearing after half an hour
Movement disorder of the FLs or in one of the HLs, when competing, disappearing
after a short time of resting.
A
Osteoporosis horse
Thinning of the bone compacta due to the disturbance of Ca-metabolism
Hereditary, breed disposition, compacta incr / medullary cavity decr
Thickening of the tubular bones due to the disturbance of the mineral supply
A
Osteoporosis horse
Thinning of the bone compacta due to the disturbance of Ca-metabolism
Hereditary, breed disposition, compacta incr / medullary cavity decr
Thickening of the tubular bones due to the disturbance of the mineral supply
A
Osteoporosis CS horse
Thickening of the tubular bones, sensitivity to pressure, lameness
Genu valgum, locomotion disorder, exostoses on the leg bones
Retardation, spontaneous fractures, ruptures, not viable
C
Hyperplastic osteopathy (acropachia) horse
Symmetrical deformation of the distal leg bones, in connection with diseases of the (GIT, Thoracic, UGT)
Congenital acropachia, intensive pain to pressure, locomotion disorderakinesia
Metabolic disturbance of the leg bones with pain of unknown origin, advance in
application of glucocorticoids
A
Laminitis, diffuse aseptic/definition
Degeneration/necrosis of horny matter of the hoof due to circulatory disturbance, exungulation, deformation of the distal phalanx
Damage of the corium of the hoof, disconnection between corium and horny matter of the hoof due to circulatory disturbance, change in the structure of the hoof
Degeneration/necrosis of the horny matter of the hoof and distal phalanx, local circulatory disturbance
B
Diffuse aseptic laminitis etiology
Overfeeding in fat animals, consequence of allergy/atopia, influence of burden
Malnutrition, complication of diseases, immune/autoimmune origin
Malnutrition, complication of diseases, in postparturient period, influence of burden
C
Diffuse aseptic laminitis nutritional origin
Carbohydrate and protein rich nutrition, fungus contaminated hay
Carbohydrate rich nutrition, low-protein/fibre rich nutrition, fungus contaminated corn fodder
Easy fermentation, carbohydrate and fiber rich nutrition, fungus contaminated corn fodder
B
Diffuse aseptic laminitis complication of disease
Diseases of stomach, enteritis, autoimmunopathies
Gastroenteritis, inflammations – toxical enteropathies, hepatosis
Serous-hemorrhagic gastritis, strangles, glomerulonephritis
B
Diffuse aseptic laminitis symptoms
Gradual deterioration in a week, pain during movement, horny matter of the hoof warm/intensive pain to pressure, oedema on the distal part of the legs
Hoof warm/intensive pain to pressure, warm and painful edema on the leg, intermittent claudication
Develops in 12-24h, general symptoms, waddling, locomotor disorder, lying position, warm and painful hoof, pulsation of the fetlock artery
C
Acute diffuse aseptic laminitis treatment
Elimination of the causative, soft littering, complete rest, fixing of the hoof, plastering of the hoof, cool pack, hepatin, flunixin-meglumide
Elimination of the causative, peat littering, complete rest, fixing of the hoof, ice pack, glucocorticoids
Soft littering, only moderate movement, ice pack, strong analgesic, phenylbutazone, prednisolone
C
Which is false regarding the Winslow herniation (hernia foraminis omentalis) in horses?
Cribbing and aerophagia are predisposing factors
At late, intolerant stage of colic, the animal is apathic
Mostly the ileum or jejunum is involved
This kind of herniation is also called right dorsal displacement of the large colon
d
Which statement(s) is/are typical of the strangulation obstruction of the SI in horses?
There is secondary dehydration of the content in the large colon
Secondary cecal impaction develops
The stomach is dilated
A and C are correct
d
Which structure cannot be palpated certainly at rectal exam in the horse?
Ventral taenia of caecum
Duodenal ligament
Ligamentum lati uteri
Ligamentum renolienale
b
Which is false concerning a colic horse?
The degree of pain mostly correlates with the severity of the disease
Dehydration can only be in the indolent phase
Electolyte loss is significant
b
Which is not characteristic of the large colon obstipation in horses?
Sometimes can cause severe colic signs
The obstipation can always be treated conservatively
Can be easily diagnosed via rectal exam
b
In the colic horse surgery, the large colon enterotomy should be created to rinse out the content of the
Dorsal colon
Ventral colon
Pelvic flexure
Ligamentum caeco-colicum
c
Which statement is true?
In direct inguinal hernia, the SI escape into the SC space of the scrotum
The indirect inguinar hernia is more common than the direct on
Both
None
b
Large colon impaction in adult horses is usually treated with
IV neostigmine injections every 2h
Lidocaine constant rate infusion
Repeated nasogastric tubing with water and electrolytes
Intramuscular metoclopramide injections every 12 hours
c
On rectal examination, you palpate a segment of distended bowel without taeniae. The intestinal segment you are palpating is most likely:
Small colon or small intestine
Pelvic flexure or right ventral colon
Base of caecum or right dorsal colon
Pelvic flexure or small intestine
d
On rectal examination, you palpate a segment of distended bowel without taeniae. The intestinal segment you are palpating is most likely:
Small colon or small intestine
Pelvic flexure or right ventral colon
Base of caecum or right dorsal colon
Pelvic flexure or small intestine
d
In which case is rectal admin. inappropriate?
Dysphagia
Lockjaw
Reflux
Diarrhea
d
What is the location of the base of the caecum in a normal adult horse?
Left paralumbar fossa
Right paralumbar fossa
Left ventral abdomen
Right ventral abdomen
b
During rectal examination of normal adult horses:
The caudal pole of both kidneys can be palpated
The caudal wall of the stomach can be palpated
The ascending duodenum can be palpated
The ventral taenia of the caeum can be palpated
d
Colic (real)
Pain syndromes because abdominal digestive organs hurt
Abdominal disease
Painful unrest syndrome in horses
A
Colic-like symptoms causes
Meningitis, COPD, estrus
Rabies, urinary diseases, genital diseases
Encephalon oedema, pneumonia, Lyme-disease
B
Predisposing factor for colic disease
Slow motion of stomach, intestines predisposed to meteorism, innervation of digestive organs predisposed to spasms
Undigested substance empty from stomach, small intestinal motility is strong, substance of large intestines quickly goes off with strong motility
Cannot vomit, dislocation of intestines can easily evolve disposition to vagotony
C
Parasitic cause of colic
Toxocara equi, Bunostomumum magnum infection
Strongylosis, Ascariosis
Toxacariosis, Strongyloidosis
B
Viral and bacterial causes of colic
Salmonellosis, Clostridiosis, Arteritis
Anthrax, rabies, pyelonephritis
Rabies, lyme disease, salmonellosis
A
Mechanical and physical causes of colic
Bad teeth, oesophagus obturation, sand in stomach
Tooth abrasion failure, pylorus obstruction, isthmus of intestines
Chewing insufficiency, sand in intestines, strange object in intestinal system
C
Colic disease pathological dislocations
Internal hernias, torsion of small intestines, colon dislocation
Stomach, small intestines, colon torsion
Diaphragmatic hernia, duodenum torsion, ileum torsion
A
Colic symptoms causing agents
Atropine, clavulanic acid, diazepam
Amitrase, arekolin
Organophosphorous compounds, amitrase, chlorpromazine
C
Agents causing shock in the colic horse
Pain, fluid loss, endotoxaemia
Sympathetic nervous system activity, dislocation of intestines, septicaemia
Rupture of stomach and intestine, spasm of intestines, dyspepsial digestion insufficiency
A
Reason for pain in the colic horse?
Development of shock, paralysis of intestines, dislocation of intestines
Excitement of mechanoreceptors, release of mediators, local circulation insufficiency
Stop of stomach function, dilatation of intestines, dyspepsial digestion insufficiency
B
Reason for hypovolaemia in the colic horse
Rupture of the stomach/intestines, ileus, colon obstipation
Stomach meteorism, small intestinal atonia, colon disposition
Ileus, mucosa inflammation, pain
A
Results of local circulation insufficiency in colic
Accumulation of lactic acid, uremia extrarenale, liver insufficiency
Metabolic acidosis, necrosis of intestines, shock
Dominance of anaerobic oxidation, atonia of intestine, intestine displacement
B
Reasons for endotoxaemia in colic
Increase of gr+ bact, circulation disorder of intestinal wall, typhocolitis
Bact incr/collapse, ischaemia of intestinal wall, ileus
Collapse of gr- bact, incr of lipoproteins? LPS, disorder of intestinal absorption
C
Results of endotoxaemia in colic
Toxic effect to red/white blood cells, haemolysis, anaemia
Toxic effect to intestinal cells, intestine motility incr, hypertension
Vasoactive materials incr, toxic effects to blood cells, clotting tendency incr
C
Main diagnostics of colic worrying
How often, length of time, seriousness
Seriousness, intermittent/permanent, freq of tenesmus
Nature, seriousness, existence of diarrhea
A
Additional diagnostic exam in the colic horse
Rectal exam, blood enzyme activity, exam of abd content
Rectal exam, abd joggle, lab blood exam
Rectal exam, exam abd content, exam bact culture of intestines
B
Additional diagnostic exam in the colic horse
Rectal exam, blood enzyme activity, exam of abd content
Rectal exam, abd joggle, lab blood exam
Rectal exam, exam abd content, exam bact culture of intestines
B
Colic horse blood exam in practical circumstances
Qual blood count, Ht, TP
RBC/WBC count, qual blood count
Ht, TP, WBC count
C
Colic horse therapy
Release of convulsions, naso-gastric tube, cecal puncture, liquid therapy
Electrolyte therapy, gastric lavage w/ Marek pipe, purgative enema
Abd centesis, cecal puncture, gastric lavage
A
Reasons for referral to clinic for colic horse
If the colic symptoms still exist after 1h, if infusion on spot not possible, pulse 40/min permanently
Colic despite therapy/meteorism, clinical/rectal findings refer to a serious disease, pulse >50/min permanently, no good conditions for the therapy
Active intestinal murmue/freq flatulation, colic worrying despite of negative rectal findings, and if you can’t use nasogastric tubing
b
Colic tx in hospital
Part clinical/lab exams, spasmolytics, abdominocentesis
Blood test, abd x-ray, US, bact coproscopy
Emergency interventions, fluid and electrolyte replacement, laparotomy
C
Laparotomy indications in colic
Possibility of ileus in rectal findings, repetitive meteorismus despire puncture, severe alterations in clinical values
CS of gastric-intestinal rupture, as long as clinical signs of ileus
Gastric overload, irreversible shock status, peritonitis
A
Colic direct emergency interventions
Gastric lavage, spasmolytics, shock therapy
Gastric lavage, cecal puncture, hypovolaemic chock prevention
Gastric overload therapy w/ physostigmin, meteorismus tx w/ rectal puncture, shock therapy
B
Sedatives used in colic cases
Detomidine, medeteomidine
Detomidine, xylazine
Detomidine, flunixin-meglumide
B
Sedatives used in colic cases
Detomidine, medeteomidine
Detomidine, xylazine
Detomidine, flunixin-meglumide
B
Colic tx in case of endotoxaemia
Endotoxin antiserum, carbacol, detomidin
Endotoxin antiserum, medetomidine, metoclopramide
Polymixin-B sulphate, flunixin meglumide, pentoxifillin
C
Acute gastric dilatation pathogenesis
High firm feed pyloric spasm dilatation rupture
Great amount of feedmotility decrcolicvomitingmetabolic alkalosis
Gastric content firmdilution, lactic consistencedilatationregurgitation
A
Acute gastric dilatation etiology
Difficulty to digest feed + lack of water
Highly fermentable feed + hard working after feeding
Overfeeding + weather change
B
Acute gastric dilatation CS
Severe colic, highly tense abd, rectal finding: gastric dilatation
Sudden onset, severe colic, neg rectal finding, regurgitation
Recurrent colic, strong int sounds, rectal grinding: dilated stomach
B
Acute gastric dilatation Tx
Detomidine, xylazine, gastric lavage
Physostigmine, neostimin, flunixin meglumide
Noraminophenason, drotaverin, gastric lavage
C
Gastric rupture CS
Colic decr, shock, sweating in spots, typical abdominocentesis
Signs of severe abd pan, fever, bloody abd puncture
“Sitting dog posture”, regurgitation, bloody disturbed abd puncture
A
Acute gastric dilatation complications
Gastric torsion, gastritis, infl of small int
Gastric meteorismus, gastric ulcers, gastritis
Laminitis, hemorrhagic gastritis, typhocolitis
B
Acute gastritis etiology
Gasterophilus, allergy, toxication by Datura Stramonium
Parascariosis, Stachybotris atra toxicosis, gastric overload, FB
Bad dentition, strongylosis, aflatoxins, allergy
A
Serous-hemorrhagic gastritis etiology
Feed w mycotoxins, lactic acid incr
Intake of immature maize, allergy
Mouldy hay, water with high nitrate
B
Serous-hemorrhagic gastritis CS (I don’t know what these words mean)
Serous gripes, “wineflake-like” gastric content, enteritis
Gripes perspiration, “wineflake like” gastric content, shock/death
Prostrate behaviour, “wineflake like” gastric content, laminitis
A
Acute gastritis CS (again.. what is going on here)
Anorexia, polydipsia, gape, breath smells sour-lushious, mild gripes
Gripes, stinky breach, retching, abd dilation
Freq gripes, stinky breath, regurgitation, left flank dilatation
A
Acute gastritis CS (again.. what is going on here)
Anorexia, polydipsia, gape, breath smells sour-lushious, mild gripes
Gripes, stinky breach, retching, abd dilation
Freq gripes, stinky breath, regurgitation, left flank dilatation
A
Chronic gastritis etiology
Mastication disorder, after acute gastritis, mainly colts
Bad dentition, air-swallow, after acute gastritis
Fault in feeding, incr prod of gastric acid, mainly cold blooded horses
C
Acute gastritis Tx
Fasting, laxation, bethanechol
Gastric lavage, laxation, physostigmine
Gastric lavage, fasting, linseed-slurry
C
Stomach parasite infection
Trichostrongylus, gasterophilus, habronematosis
Habronematosis, gasterophilus, parasoaridosis
Gasterophilus, habronematosis, strongylidosis
A
Signs of gastric parasite infestation in horse
Anaemia, fatigue, threadworm( not gastric) in feces
In colts, mild growth, irregular fur
Colic, slimming, diarrhea
C
Gasterophilosis
Gasterophilus, acute, gribes like gastritis, caused by gasterophilus larvae
Serous bloody gastritis caused by gasterophilus larvae, freq gribes
Gasterophilus caused by larva of equine gasterophilus causing chronic gastritis
C
Gastric ulcer etiology
Stress, NSAIDs, faulty nutrition
Stress, steroid anti-inflamm drugs, grazing
Fasting, NSAIDs, grazing
A
Gastric ulcers symptoms
Anorexia, weight loss, laying much, mild-moderate colic symptoms
Wight loss in spite of good appetite, anaemia
Anorexia, serious colic symptoms, anaemia
A
Catarrhal enteritis etiology
Vagotonia, cold water/food, meterorological front
Acute gastritis, int. obst., parasympathicotonia
Diathesis, larval migration, enteritis
C
answer on slides = infectious/parasitic/canthardin toxicity – Inflammation- Increased secretion, mucosal and capillary permeability, decreased absorption - Intense peristalsis later ileus - Hemoconcentration, hypovolemia, tissue hypoperfusion, oliguria
Colic important lab exams
Ht, total plasma protein, plasma electrolytes, acid-base, peritoneal fluid
Ht, qual hemogram, composition of blood protein, plasma Ca/P
Hgb/Ht, quan hemogram, plasma crea/urea, urine density, urine protein
A
Catarrhal enteritis symptoms
Serious colic/struggling, stomach rupture, high mortality rate
Serious/moderate colic in seizures, fast process, advantageous prognosis
Mild/moderate, recurrent colic, diarrhea, lasts for 2-3d
C…….Also-reflux
Catarrhal enteritis therapy
Walking, No-spa inj, sigmosain IV
Neostigmine, walking, use of laxative
Anticonvulsive drug IV, enema w tepid water, warm stable
B
Drugs to increase peristalsis in horses
Stigmosan, konstigmin
Neostigmine, flunixin-meglumide
Xylazine, neostigmine
A
Laxatives for horses
Mg sulfate, linseed mucin, detomidine inj
Paraffin, mg sulfate, stigmosan ing
Neostigmine, linseed mucin, drotaverin
Answer: b – linseed oil is also a laxative when fed in large quantities
Laxatives for horses
Mg sulfate, linseed mucin, detomidine inj
Paraffin, mg sulfate, stigmosan ing
Neostigmine, linseed mucin, drotaverin
Answer: b – linseed oil is also a laxative when fed in large quantities
Strongyloidosis horse
Bloody water like faeces, colic, weakness.
Occur inf, symptoms in case of impairment of resistance
In foals, resp symptoms, retarded growth
A
Parascariosis
In intestines of suckling foals, catarrhal enteritis, small intestinal obturation, wasting/cachexia
In stomach, SI, occult inf in adult horses
Enteritis in foals, ileus, larval migration/hepatic trauma
A
Removal of roundworm
Ivermectin, mebendazole, tetramizol
Fenbendazole, oxibendazole, ivermectin
Tiabendazole, mebendazole, tetramizol
B
Viral enteritis of foals
Adenovirus, coronavirus, in sep foals, melena, dehydr, poor health
Adenovirus, coronavirus, enteralgia, 3-6m old foals
Rotavirus + resistance decr at 1-2m
Answer: c but also corona and adeno?
Typical of acute proximal enteritis
In older horses, sudden medium (average)/serious colic, duodenojejunitis + gastritis, pancreatitis
Young foals after separation, infl of SI, melena for days
Suckling foals, in studs in larger nr mortality
a – not sure about the pancreatitis ?
Causes of acute proximal enteritis
Fungus toxin of feed, allergy
Unknown-idiopathic, w horse feed or fodder fed horses, inf cause = C.diff/ salmonella
main
In foals, when fungus toxins in milk, fungus toxicosis
B
Pathogenesis of acute proximal enteritis
GI motility incrmelenadehyrdie in 3-4d
Enteritis hemorrhagica, melena, recovery after tx
GI motility GI paralysis ileus, enteritis, enterotoxaemia, often bad outcome
C
Acute proximal enteritis
Paralysis of intestinesrefluxgastric dilatationnasogastric refluxloss of fluid and electrolytes, enterotoxaemia, shock
Diarrhea hypovolaemia shock, endotoxaemia
Enteritis diarrhea lactacidaemia metabolic acidosis death
A
Acute proximal enteritis CS
Colic, powerful GI sounds, sunken abdomen, diarrhea, exsiccation
Fever colic – depression, poor health, cyanosis, round abd, regurgitation, gastric
lavage: weak yellowish stinking content
Average/serious colic, meteorismus, melena, dehydr, shock
b fever+/-, tachycardia, laminits, illeus
Lab results of acute proximal enteritis
Ht 0.3-0.4, TPP 30-34g/L, leukocytes <3.0g/L, lactacid >5.2mmol/L
Ht 0.6-0.8, leukocytes: leukopenia, lactacidaemia: metabolic acidosis
Ht 0.6-0.8, neutropenia: neutrophilia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis – acidosis
C
Acute proximal enteritis tx
Gastric lavage antispasmodics, intense fluid and electrolyte therapy, flunixin meglumide
Antispasmodics, analgesic drugs w increase GI motility, sucralfate
Activated charcoal, paraffin, physostigmine inj
A
Ddx of acute proximal enteritis from other diseases of SI
Colic in the beginning, then apathic, the abdominal probe is open (opaque?), yellowish w high leukocyte content
Slight/average colic symptoms permanently, abd probe is translucent, yellowish w low leukocyte conent
Apathic, abd probe is opaque, yellowish w low leukocyte content and high erythrocyte content
A
Acute typhlocolitis features
Sudden appearance of colic accompanied by writhing, meteorism, death within 12-24h
Sudden appearance of appenditis, colicitis, endotoxaemic shock, high mortality
Sudden appearance of colic in horses kept on pasture, paralytic ileus, meteorism
B
Acute typhlocolitis incidence and predisposing factors
Springtime grazing, driving into rich pastures, forage liveration of scatol, stress
Hospitalization, abd surgery, fasting, stress, ABs
During transport of horses kept in stable, stress, fumonisin intake
b?? bacterial infection (Salmonella and Clostridium species) prolonged antimicrobial therapy, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) toxicity, and intestinal parasitism (Blood et al., 2000). Further sudden changes in feed or the ingestion of improperly balanced daily ration of feed can alter microbial flora of large intestine leading to bacterial overgrowth
Acute typhlocolitis study of origin
Bacterial/virus inf of unknown origin, mycotoxins, stress
Unknown, multicause, Cl difficile inf/prop, dysbacteriosis, salmonellosis, endotoxin prolif, stress, NSAIDs
Chlamydophila inf – lib of endotoxins, feeding alfalfa without transition, feeding new corn
b
cute typhlocolitis pathogenesis
Enteritis – intestinal peristalsis – severe colic – ileus – shock
Intestinal peristalsis incr – diarrhea – severe colic – necrosis – peritonitis – death
Prolif of toxin forming Clostridium, starvation – rising of intestinal pH, dysbiosis, endotoxaemia/ bactericemia, damage of mucosa, diarrhea, shock
c= I think-it’s the most right
Acute typhlocolitis consequences
Fever, endotoxaemia, dehydration, hypovolaemia, metabolic acidosis, shock
Writhing, watery/bloody diarrhea, state of shock
Writhing, ileus – meteorismus, dyspnea, blood circulation insufficiency
A
Acute typhlocolitis consequences
Fever, endotoxaemia, dehydration, hypovolaemia, metabolic acidosis, shock
Writhing, watery/bloody diarrhea, state of shock
Writhing, ileus – meteorismus, dyspnea, blood circulation insufficiency
A
Acute typhlocolitis symptoms
Anorexia, fever, colic – languor, profuse diarrhea, meteorismus, intestinal sounds incr – intestinal atonia, shock
Writhing, profound colic, sweating, chronic diarrhea, recovery after AB tx
Chronic colic, hemorrhagic inf of int/diarrhea, sunken flanks, uptight abdomen, intestinal
peristalsis, hypovolaemic shock
A
Acute typhlocolitis lab features
Ht: 0.3-0.4, TPL 30-34g/L, leukocytes: 0.3g/L, lactate: 5.2mmol/L
Ht: 0.6-0.8, TP: 80-90g/L, leukocytes: 1.303g/L, lactate: 4mmol/L Tp will drop as the
proteins begin to be lost but there is an initial increase due to the dehydration,
Ht: 0.65, TP: 35g/L, leukocytes: 8.2-5.1g/L, lactate: 20mmol/L
B
Acute typhlocolitis adverse outcome
CRT: 3-4s, pulse: 40-52/min, red conjunctiva, resp: 18-20/min, leukocyte: 2g/L, lactate: 20mmol/L
CRT: 6s, pulse: 60/min, cyanosis, tachypnoe, leukocyte: 2g/L, lactate: 15-20mmol/L
CRT: 6s, pulse: 80/min, cyanosis, tachypnoe, leukocyte: 1g/L, lactate: 20mmol/?
C
Acute typhlocolitis prevention
Hospital/general hygiene, only short term food withdrawal before surgery, stress tolerance, giving lincomicin, oxitetracyclin prohibited, probiotics
AB therapy preventing Clostridium, thorough fasting prior to sx, medical attendance after sx
Laxatives/fasting before sx, preventing AB therapy before sx, medical attendance after sx
A
Acute typhlocolitis medical therapy
Inf against dehydration, lincomicin, probiotics
Treatment against dehydr, metronidazole, flunixin meglumide, probiotics
Treating shock and dehydr, OTC, artificial feeding
b prevention of further absorption of toxin to the circulation, neutralization of absorbed toxins, intravenous fluid, steroidal or non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs and toxin binders.
Cause of mechanical ileus
Enterospasm, obstruction, intestinal paralysis
Obstruction, compression, intestinal dislocation, strangulation
Enterospasm, torsion of ileum, obturation of ileum
B
Cause of functional ileus
Disturbance of intestinal motility, spasmodic colic
Spasmodic colic, intestinal paralysis
Long lasting colic, intestinal paralysis
B
Cause of paralytic ileus
Enteritis, peritonitis, abd sx
Tetanus, botulism, enterotoxicosis
Stress, tetanus, sx
A
Cause of paralytic ileus
Enteritis, peritonitis, abd sx
Tetanus, botulism, enterotoxicosis
Stress, tetanus, sx
A
SI obstruction pathogenesis
Gas and fluid accumulate cranially, intestinal paralysis, protein and fluid loss, int necrosis at place of ileus – peritonitis
Spastic contraction of intestinal + fluid penetration, meteorism, reflux – gastric dilatation, shock + electrolyte turnover dysfunction
Bacterial invasions of the place of obstruction – peritonitis, severe colic/rolling – gastric and intestinal rupture
B
Spastic contraction onto obstruction, gas and fluid accumulate proximal, dilation, compression of vessels, anerobic glycol, inlfam and oedema, and increased fluid influc, lots and lots of reflux.
SI obstruction CS
Violent long lasting colic, rectal finding; obstruction, strong intestinal sounds, sunken lumbar region, peritonitis pointing punctuation
Alternative intestinal colic, negative rectal finding, mild meteorism, diarrhea
Medium/strong colic, sec gastric contents by nasogastric tube, regurgitation, bicycle
inner tube intact at rectal palpation
C
SI obstruction outcome
Surgery, spasmolytic in case of obturation, poor prognosis, death in next 48h
Strong painkiller, spasmolytics, doubtful prognosis, after 3-4d w/out progress – death
Lg amount of physostigmine in case of obstruction, repeated application, fast recovery
after solving the obturation
A
Dislocation and strangulation of ileus pathogenesis
Intestinal motility decr, int secretion incr – fluid/gas incr – circulatory and resp disturbances – dies within 24h
Compression of vessels – infarct of intestinal wall – damage intestinal wall + pain + hypovolaemia + endotoxaemia – shock
Compression of arteries in intestinal wall – impairment of supply of int wall – necrosis – toxaemia/bacteraemia – endotoxic shock
B
SI strangulation ileus causes
Incarceration of internal hernia, intestinal retroflexion
Invagination of SI, strangulation of SI
Torsion of SI, strangulation of SI
C
SI dislocation ileus causes
Internal hernia, torsion of SI
Intestinal torsion, intestinal invagination, thromb-embolic intestinal disease
Diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal spasm, torsion of SI
A
SI torsion causes
Unequal content of int, colon reflux, disposition because of anatomy
Int motility incr, colic rolling, disposition because of anatomy
Forage intake – lactic acid incr – colic rolling – sI torsion
B
SI torsion CS
Weakness, int motility incr, colic, rectal findings; SI strangulation
Colic/weakness left flank dilatation, rectal findings; place of basic disease
Severe colic, int sounds decr, reflux, rectal fingins; SI like bicycle tube
C
SI torsion outcome
Sx/ maybe, poor prognosis, death in 24-36h
Neostigmine, doubtful prognosis, improvement after 24h not expected
Physostigmine/torsion might resolve as a result of walking, doubtful prognosis,
significant mortality
A
SI invagination reasons
As a result of enteritis, int motility incr, depending on basis of disease/poor prognosis
Foals have unequal peristalsis + ascariosis, acute/subacute course of disease, doubtful
prognosis
Race horses/sport horses, result of stress, short/favourable course of disease
B
SI invagination CS
Severe colic, weakness, left flank dilatation, rectal findings; flatulent SI
Progressive colic, sitting dog posture, rectal findings; flatulent SI
Mild/mediocre colic, int sounds incr – decr, rectal findings; tense intestines
C
Intestinal stenosis CS
Periodic colic, subileus, mending/aggravation dyspepsia
SI obturation, ileus, quick/slow progression
Occasionally colic/dyspepsia, improving after purgative, recurring diarrhea
A
Mesenteric abscess
Foals after strangles, colic of variable intensity, dyspepsia, rectal findings - mostly neg
Recurrent/mediocre colic, relapse/emaciation, rectal findings; round, size of fist or
head, tuberity formula
Colic in foal after strangles/failure, rectal findings; in pelvis, formula w fluctuating palpation on the right side
A or B - often occurs after strangles?
Grass sickness
Dyspepsia during pasture, cachexia, disappearing after housing
Pasturage/after being fed with harshly cut grass, mostly in foal recently separate dfrom
mother, encephalo and soinal consequences
Neurotoxin – GI myoparalysis, pastured horse
c
Acute form of grass sickness symptoms
Gastric dilatation/reflux, paralytic ileus, dysphagia, lameness
Alimentary symptoms, colic, heavy diarrhea, dehydration
Fever, intestinal motility incr, diarrhea, colic, dehydrationshock
A
Primary caecal meteorism etiology
Feeding with Lucerne – lactic acid incr – paralysis of cecal musculature – gas accumulation
Feeding huge amount of papilionaceae without gradation, fermentation incr, seasonal
Feeding w forage – VFA/lactic acid incr – gas production incr
B
Primary caecal meteorism pathogenesis
Gas acc – intestinal dilatation – int paralysis – int rupture
Fermentation of CH/cecum – lactic acid + gas prod incr – int paralysis + int dilatation –shock
Cecal dilatation – spastic pain – atonia – fluid entrance – dyspnea – shock
B
Primary caecal meteorism symptoms
Heavy colic, drum like dilatation of right flank, dyspnea, rectal palp; dilated cecum
Heavy colic, heavy summetric dilatation of the abdomen, dyspnea, cyanosis, rectal palp; dilated cecum
Weak/average colic, dilated flanks, dyspnea, cyanosis, rectal palp; dilated cecum/colon
A
Primary cecal meteorism outcome, method of tx
Paracentesis just farthest case, physostigmine gives good result in high doses, antichock if therapy, outcome: generally good
Cecal paracentesis, without this, danger of death is very high
Physosyigmine + Nospa inj, walking, fasting, reacts quickly to therapy
B
Chronic caecal impaction causes and pathogenesis
Old horses, rough fibre feed, intestinal peristalsis decr, stasis/impaction of int content, endotoxamia, peritonitis, int rupture
Rough fibre feed, chewing disorder, older age, int peristalsis decr, stasis/impaction of int content – colic – wasting, int rupture
Fibery/chopped hay – VFA incr – intestinal atony – intestinal content compaction – colic – wasting
B
Caecal impaction symptoms
Medium/recurring colic, anorexia, failure, rectal palp; hard resistance at right upper region of abdomen
Colic nervousness, no defecation, wrong general health, rectal palp; faeces filled resistance at left upper 3rd of abdomen
Weak/constant colic, small berrylike feces, or no defecation, rectal palp; hard, feces filled resistance at right middle region of abdomen
A
Caecal impaction tx and outcome
Starving, cachectic, enema, good recover change
Inf therapy, spasmolytics, deep enema, yeast mash through centesis, result; doubtful,
danger of rupture
Physostigmine inj many repeats, enemas, mechanical removal of feces, recover in days
after tx
Answer: all wrongish! Starve, iv fluids, nasogast fluids, flunixin as analgesia laxatives. Often surgical to prevent rupture.
Colon impaction causes
Rough fibre feed, bad teeth, old horses
Rough fiber feed, overfeeding, chewing disorder
Eating of litter, milling industry by-product, intestinal atony, intestinal paralysis, old
horses
A
Colon impaction pathogenesis
Intestinal paralysis – int content impaction/stasis, dehydr – hypovolemic shock
Int motility decr – disturb of int content passage/stasis, int atrophy
Hardening/acc of int content, ileus – colic/dehydr – shock
C
Colon impaction predilection sites
Ampulla of dorsal colon, colon transversum, caeco-colic opening
Caeco-colic opening, colon transversum, ampulla of dorsal colon
Flexura pelvina, ampulla of dorsal colon, colon transversum
C
Colon impaction CS
Constant/mediocre colic, “rocking horse” bearing, apathy, “seize up” faeces, rectal palp; hard faeces filled intestinal parts
Fluctuating power colic, “dog-like sitting”, rare defecation of hard balls, rectal palp; faeces filled intestinal parts
Medium/stronger colic from time to time, fast pulse rate, dilated abdomen, rectal palp; faeces filled colon
A
Colon Impaction outcome, prognosis
Impaction of ampulla of dorsal colon: fast recover, colon transversum: doubtful, intestinal rupture is unfavourable
Good results with early recognition, advanced stage; doubtful, intestinal atrophy, infaust
Good rxn to proper tx, the ampulla of the dorsal colon is susceptible to pressure necrosis
b
