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11th Semester > Equine 2 > Flashcards

Equine 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Large Colon Obstipation tx
A. Paraffin oil poured into horse mouth, enema, neostigmine
B. MgSO4 poured into horse mouth, repeated neostigmine inj
C. Flunixin- meglumide to treat endotoxaemia, fluid therapy, paraffin oil, istizin

A

C

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2
Q

Small Colon Obstipation Causes
Small rough plant parts get into small colon – convulsions, intestinal passage stops
Many rough plantal fibres get into small colon – intestinal atony – thickening of int content
Small colon fills with thickened content – int dilatation/atony – int passage stops

A

C

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3
Q

Small colon obstipation CS
-Slight/serious colic, faintness/lack of appetite, defecation faiure, rectal findings; hard deces balls in small colon
-Slight colic, few hard faecal balls, rectal findings; hard, thickened faeces in small colon
-Permanent colic changing in its intensity, total lack of food uptake/faintness, no defecation, rectal findings; hard fecal balls in small colon

A

C

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4
Q

Small colon obstipation tx
 Intestinal tamponade, laxative oil/salts, mechanical removal
 Enema, repeated IM physostigmine inj, walk
 Fasting, sucralfate inj, intestinal tamponade, istizin

A

A

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5
Q

Meconium colic
 Intestinal obturation in newborn foal caused by chorion
 Meconium accumulation in small colon of newborn foals
 Convulsion/obstipation caused by meconium in the newborn foal

A

B

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6
Q

Meconium colic causes
 Lengthened gravidity, lg amount of meconium, difficult birth
 Retained placenta, lack of colostrum, premature birth
 Lack of colostrum, lengthened gravidity, tight pelvis

A

C

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7
Q

Meconium colic symptoms
 Defecation attempts, bad general state
 Hard/pitch like feces, permanent colic, anuria
 Pitch-like feces, colic, faintness

A

A

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8
Q

Meconium colic tx
 Enema, istizin, im physostigmine inj
 Mechanical removal of meconium, enema, paraffin oil given through nasal tube
 Enema, laxative oil/salt poured into foals mouth, mechanical removal of meconium

A

B

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9
Q

Mechanical
ileus of large colon causes
 Intestinal obturative ileus
 FB gets into int / spastic ileus
 Congobatum, enteroliths, phytotrichobezoars/obturative ileus

A

C

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10
Q

Mechanical Ileus of large colon CS
 Long lasting course, colic, intestinal sounds incr, defecation decr, coprological
investigation, loosened colon
 Course lasts 1-2d, colic, int paralysis, meteorism, rectal findings; int wall oedema, causing thing is touchable
 Fatal fast course, colic, meteorism, shock, rectal findings; oedematous colon filled by gas

A

B

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11
Q

Forms of large colon dislocation ileus
 Torsion, thrombo-embolic enteropathy, angle refraction
 Angle refraction/retroflexion, torsion, large intestinal exclusion caused by spleen-
kidney ligament
 Retroflexion, torsion, intestinal obturation/compression

A

B

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12
Q

Large colon dislocation etiology
 Motility of large colon incr because of enteritis, rolling, anatomic disposition
 LI/meteorismus, irritation of int wall – int motility incr, suddenly moving
 Unequal fullness of large colon, suddenly powerful moving (plica colica) anatomical
disposition

A

C

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13
Q

Large colon torsion pathogenesis
 Compression of int veins – circ decr in lrg areas – hypovolaemic + endotoxaemic shock
 Int motility incr – diarrhea – fluid loss – hypovolaemic shock
 Torsion/compression of vessels – local circulation insuff – int necrosis – endotoxaemia/bacteraemia

A

A

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14
Q

Large colon torsion CS
Powerful colic, hard intestinal sounds, bad general health, rectal findings; place of torsion can be tangled as a gross band

Continuous colic thrashing, bloat, alarming general health, rectal finding; oedema infiltration of int wall is typical

Hard colic + int motility incr, bloat, bad general health, rectal finding; torsion is tangled

A

B

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15
Q

Large Colon torsion outcome

cannot solve with surgery, mortality within 1d

Sx rarely successful, physostigmine inj can help, mortality within 2-3d

Sx can be successful within 8h, otherwise death within 1d

A

C

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16
Q

Thrombo-embolic intestinal disease
 A thrombosis/embolism in wall of colon/mesenterium caused by strongylus vulgaris larvae
 Colic disease caused by Strongylus vulgris roundworm
 Hypermotility – large intestine displacement colic caused by roundworm larvae

A

A

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17
Q

Thrombo-embolic intestinal disease etiology
 Roundworm migration in intestinal wall – blood supply decr – intestinal wall oedema/necrosis – peritonitis/shock
 Embolism in intestinal artery – blood supply decr – colic, int wall oedema/necrosis – peritonitis/shock
 Strongylus vulgaris infection – intestinal vessel thrombosis – intestinal paralysis – paralytic ileus – shock

A

B

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18
Q

Thrombo-embolic intestinal disease CS and outcome
 Colic, meteorismus, paralytic ileus, roundworms in feces, rectal findings; LI bloating, physostigmine inj, prognosis doubtful
 Light/medium colic, meteorismus/diarrhea, rectal findings; LI filled w gas, strongylus eggs in feces, surgery, prognosis doubtful
 Sudden serious colic, bloat, paralytic ileus symptoms, rectal findings; not typical, tx palliative, mortality within 1d

A

C

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19
Q

Rectum rupture etiology

 Amateur rectal finding/covering
 Rectal finding, obstipation
 Amateur covering/colic tx, intestinal torsion

A

A

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20
Q

Rectum rupture/intestinal wall rupture consequences
 Hard colic, paralytic ileus, blood flow from the rectum, peritonitis, sx ineffective, death within 2-5d
 Painful worrying, blood from rectum, septicaemia/endotoxaemia, death within 2-3h in case of perforation
 Colic worrying, blood from rectum, defecation disorder, injury can be successfully treated even in case of perforation

A

B

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21
Q

Rupture of rectum / mucosal injury effects
 Colic restlessness, fatigue/weakness, bleeding from rectum, surgery useless, death in 2- 3d
 Defecation painful, feces covered with blood, worsening condition, untreatable
 Bleeding during rectal palpation, pain, wound has to be stitched, prognosis
good/unstable
usually good prognosis with just the mucosal damage

A

C

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22
Q

Rupture of rectal wall tx
 Conservative therapy in simple cases, sx + conservative therapy in more complicated cases, untreatable in case of perforation
 Always sx, can help even in case of complete rupture of rectal wall
 Conservative tx is long, but useful except if complete perforation, in that case prognosis
is uncertain

A

A

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23
Q

Chronic enteritis, cyathostomiasis tx
 Fenbendazole, moxidectin
 Ivermextin, moxidectin
 Mebendazole, ivermectin

A

A

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24
Q

Chronic enteritis etiology
 Granulomatous enteritis appears usually in horse older than 15y
 Multisystemic eosinophil epitheliotrop disease causing lesions in gut mucosa and skin
 Proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis and appears in horses older
than 15y (foals)

A

B

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25
Q

Pathomechanism of colic. What is not typical?

 Hypovolaemia
 Hyperthermia
 Endotoxaemia
 Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy-occur secondary to colic?

A

B

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26
Q

Causative agent of equine proliferative enteropathy?
 E. coli
 Lawsonia intracellularis
 Clostridium difficile
 Clostridium perfringens D

A

B

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27
Q

Aetiology of acute gastric dilation in horses?
 Poorly digestible feed + lack of water
 Highly fermentable feed + hard work after feeding
 Overfeeding with hay + weather front changes
 Sand-containing food + weather front changes

A

B

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28
Q

Acute primary gastric dilation/treatment/horse?
 Gastric lavage by tubing, spamolytics, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement, flunixin meglumine (analgesia)
 Analgesics, mobilisers, sucralfate, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement
 Mineral oil, activated charcoal, sennoside, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement
 Diet coke, lidocaine, acepromazine

A

A

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29
Q

Large colon torsion/outcome?
 Can’t be solved by surgery, always fatal outcome within one day
 Operation rarely successful, physostigmine inj. otherwise death within 2-3 days
 Operation can be successful within 8 hours, without surgery: death
 Specific body rotation in general anaesthesia can be solution

A

C

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30
Q

Dysphagia/causes/horse?
 E.g. blister beetle toxicosis, mandibular trauma, cyst of the soft palate
 E.g. guttural pouch mycosis, retropharyngeal abscess, cleft palate
 E.g. Dorsal displacement of soft palate, sinusitis, hypertriglyceridemia
 Equine motor neuron disease, herpesvirus infection, West Nile virus infection

A

B

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31
Q

Cause of paralytic ileus?
 Enteritis, peritonitis, abdominal surgery (postoperative stage)
 Tetanus, botulism, enterotoxicosis, herpes
 Stress, organic phosphorous ester toxicosis
 Intestinal intussusception, chantaridin toxicosis

A

A

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32
Q

Clinical signs of acute proximal enteritis/horse?
 Colic, strong GI sounds, sunken abdomen, diarrhoea, dehydration
 Colic depression, poor general status, reflux, distended small intestinal loops
on US
 Mild/moderate colic, meteorism, melaena, dehydration, shock
 Loss of appetite, weight loss, recurrent fever

A

B

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33
Q

Oesophageal obturation/treatment/horse?
 Trocarisation of the caecum if necessary, dipyrone, xylazine
 Dipyrone, xylazine, trying to remove the solid food by hand if it is located behind
the pharynx
 Oxytocin, butyl scopolamine, xylazine, oesophagostomy if other methods of removal fail
 Neostigmine, lidocaine, liquid paraffin

A

C

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34
Q

Grass sickness/horse/cause?
 Salmonella sp.
 Cl. tetani
 Cl. botulinum
 Groundsel

A

C

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35
Q

Grass sickness/horse/clinical signs?
 Obstipation, nasogastric reflux, ptosis, muscle fasciculations
 Diarrhoea, reflux, miosis
 Reflux, nystagmus, muscle fasciculations
 Obstipation, nystagmus, dysphagia

A

A

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36
Q

Spasmodic colic/symptoms?
 Severe colic/rolling, danger of gastric rupture, high mortality rate
 Mild/moderate colic in attacks, negative rectal findings, fast course,
favourable outcome
 Mild/moderate, recurrent colic, diarrhoea, rectal finding: distended intestines
 Poor performance, recurrent

A

B

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37
Q

When should you send a colic horse to an equine clinic?
 If the colic symptoms still exist after one hour, if you can’t give infusion at that
place, pulse is constantly about 40 beats/min
 Colic despite of medical therapy, tympany, clinical/rectal findings reveal severe diseases, pulse constantly more than 50 beats/minute, not responding well to therapy, local conditions
 Strong intestinal sounds/frequent flatulating, colic is worsening despite the negative rectal finding, nasogastric tubing is not possible
 Pulse rate >40/min, respiratory rate <40/min, less than 4 piles of faeces/day

A

B

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38
Q

Esophageal obturation in horses/etiology:
 Dry chopped feed
 Solid pieces of feed (apple, potato, sugar beet)
 Abnormal position of the ligamentum botalli
 Most commonly secondary to other problems

A

B

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39
Q

Esophageal obturation/symptoms/horse:
 Dysphagia due to secondary pharyngeal paralysis, regurgitation, colic
 Esophageal spasm, retching, regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia
 Inability to swallow, esophageal paralysis, secondary laryngeal paralysis
 Swollen neck, ptyalism

A

B

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40
Q

Mycotic stomatitis of horses/aetiology?
 Fusariosis, actinomycosis
 Cryptococcosis, aflatoxicosis
 Candidiasis, satratoxicosis
 Aspergillosis, trichomoniasis

A

C

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41
Q

Grading of gastric ulcers/horse:
 0-4  0-5  0-10  a-d

A

A

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42
Q

Stomatitis of horses/viral and fungal origin/causes?
 Vesiculovirus, candidiasis, satratoxicosis
 Aphtovirus, herpesvirus, candidiasis
 Vesiculovirus, satratoxicosis, crptococcus neoformans
 Herpesvirus, rotavirus, adenovirus

A

A

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43
Q

Laxatives for horses?
 Magnesium sulfate, neostigmine, sennoside
 Mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulphate (Na)
 Mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, carbachol
 Diet coke, charcoal

A

B

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44
Q

Cleft palate in horses?
 Signs: dysphagia, nasal discharge with food particles
 Complications: decreased weight, diarrhoea, aspiration pneumonia
 Diagnosis: radiography
 Treatment: none

A

A

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45
Q

Oesophageal obturation/prognosis/horse?
 Mostly unfavourable
 Mostly favourable
 Always fatal outcome
 Poor prognosis

A

B

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46
Q

Real colic is?
 A painful syndrome of the abdominal digestive organs
 All diseases causing abdominal pain
 A syndrome in horses characterised by pain and unrest
 A painful syndrome of the digestive organs

A

A

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47
Q

Esophageal obturation/etiology/horse:
 Primary; dry, chopped food, secondary; other esophageal diseases
 Primary; sharp metallic objects, secondary;primary gastric obturation
 Primary; foreign bodies, poor dentition, secondary; mycotic innervation disorder
due to inflammation of guttural pouch
 Primary; esophageal paralysis, secondary; reflux due to gastric ulcer

A

A

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48
Q

Colitis aetiology/horse?
 Lawsonia intracellularis, Salmonella, E. coli
 Metronidazole, lincomycin, Streptococcus zooepidemicus
 E. coli, salmonella, carbohydrate overload, Aspergillus, microsporon
 Salmonella, certain antibiotics, blister beetle

A

C

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49
Q

Stomatitis of horses/viral and fungal origin/which statement it NOT true?
 Can be caused by vesiculovirus, Candida albicans
 Can be caused by aphtovirus, herpesvirus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes
 Can be caused by vesiculovirus, Stachybotris atra
 Can be caused by vesiculovirus, candidiasis, stachybotryotoxicosis

A

B

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50
Q

Oesophageal obturation/most common complication/horse?
 Angina pharynges
 Secondary gastric dilation
 Pharyngeal paralysis
 Aspiration pneumonia

A

D

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51
Q

Equine gastric ulcer/treatment/horse?
 Spasmolytic, flunixin meglumine
 H2 antagonist, proton pump inhibitor, sucralfate
 Mineral oil, proton pump inhibitors, NSAID, H2 antagonist
 Phenylbutazone, sucralfate, aluminium hydroxide

A

B

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52
Q

In a normal ECG, P-wave is followed by:
 Twave
 R wave
 Q wave
 S wave

A

C

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53
Q

Normal in horses:
 Atrial fibrillation
 Ventricular fibrillation
 2nd degree AV block
 Arrhythmia

A

C

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54
Q

The cardiovascular system can’t be examined with:
 ECG
 Ultrasound
 Phonocardiography
 Endoscopy

A

D

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55
Q

Point of maximum intensity for mitral valve: ( left -5 )
 Right ICS 6
 Left ICS 6
 Left ICS 5
 Left ICS 4

A

C

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56
Q

Point of maximum intensity of aortic valve: ( left -4, dorsally)
 Right ICS 3
 Right ICS 4
 Left ICS 4
 Left ICS 7

A

C

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57
Q

Heart murmur grading:
 1-6 scale
 1-4 scale

A

A

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58
Q

Common cardiac malformations in horses:
 Persistent ductus Botalli
 Tricuspid valve deformity
 Interventricular septal defect

A

C

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59
Q

Bacterial endocarditis locations in horse:
 Mostly the pulmonary orifice
 Mostly the tricuspid valve
 Mostly the aorta- and mitral valve

A

C

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60
Q

Bacterial endocarditis symptoms horse:
 Fever, weariness, pulse rate incr, holodiastolic noise in the orifice of the aorta, decrescendo
 Fever, poor health, cardiac dullness enlarged, strong systolic noise, oedema in the abdominal skin
 Weariness, anorexia, rapid/weak pulse, cardiac dullness increased, holosystolic heart noises, oedema on foot

A

A

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61
Q

Bacterial endocarditis treatment horse
 AB cure for 1-2w, bronchodilators, secretolyics
 AB cure for 4-6w, sensitivity test, penicillin, gentamycin, cephalosporin, therapy of the congestive heart failure
 AB cure for 4-6 days, penicillin, streptomycin, lincomicin, clindamycin

A

B

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62
Q

Aortic insufficiency horse
 Strong systolic heart noise in the left 4 ICS, rapid pulse, frequent in older horses
 Strong holodiastolic heart noise in the left 5-6 ICS, bumping pulse (ICS: left 3-6)
 Strong holodiastolic heart noise, bumping pulse, frequent in older horses

A

C

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63
Q

Mitral insufficiency horse
 Holosystolic heart noise, tachypnoe, congestion in the pulmonary circulation
 In the left 3 ICS strong pandsystolic heart noise, tachypnoe, dyspnoe, decline of
performance, frequent
 In the right 3 ICS strong pandiastolic heart noise, tachypnoe, dyspnoe, decline of
performance, very rare

A

A

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64
Q

Tricuspid insufficiency horse
 Pansystolic noise on the area of the left cardiac dullness, right heart insufficiency, high/rapid pulse, strong venous pulse on the jugular fossa, frequent in sport horses
 Systolic noise in the puctum maximum of the tricuspidal valve, right heart insufficiency, wide v. jugularis, positive vein pulse, rare
 Holodiastolic heart noise on the area of the right relative cardiac dullness, strong venous pulse on the right jugular fossa, frequent in old horses

A

B

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65
Q

Diagnosis of the valve diseases with echocardiography in horse
 One dimension: valve problems, two dimensions: changes of the size of the heart ventricles, fractional shortening, Doppler: the mistakes of the heart’s blood supply
 One dimension: fractional shortening, two dimensions: valve problems, Doppler:
abnormal blood flowing round the valves.
 One dimension: size changes of the heart chambers, fractional shortening, two dimensions: morphological abnormalities of the valves, Doppler: abnormal blood flowing in the chambers of the heart.

A

B

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66
Q

Myocardiopathies/causes/horse
 Rhinopneumonitis, Equine influenza, septicaemia, Strongylus-larves, aflatoxin poisoning
 Equine influenza, Equine Infectious Anaemia, strangles, dirofilariosis, mebendazoltoxiosis
 Rhinopneumonitis, Equine influenza, Equine Infectious Anaemia, strangles, Strongylus-larves, monenzin toxicosis

A

C

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66
Q

Myocardiopathies/causes/horse
 Rhinopneumonitis, Equine influenza, septicaemia, Strongylus-larves, aflatoxin poisoning
 Equine influenza, Equine Infectious Anaemia, strangles, dirofilariosis, mebendazoltoxiosis
 Rhinopneumonitis, Equine influenza, Equine Infectious Anaemia, strangles, Strongylus-larves, monenzin toxicosis

A

C

67
Q

Heart rhythm disorders/reasons of the medical treatment/horse
 Decline of performance, heart frequency during endurance test >200, in rest >90/minute, ventricle extrasystoles/tachyarrhythmias
 Decline of performance, heart frequency during endurance test >120, in rest >40/minute, auricle extrasystoles, in case of ventricle tachyarrhythmias
 Poor health, heart frequency during endurance test >200, in rest >90/minute, atrioventrcicular heart block

A

A

68
Q

Interruptio cordis causes and background information in horse
 Vagotonia, 2nd degree AV block
 Heart muscle damage, ectopic centre
 Stimulus generalisation deficiency, failing of 1-1 heart cycle

A

A

69
Q

Ventricular tachycardia features in horse
 Heartbeat dropout in serious cardiac muscle lesion, sequence of ventricle escape beat
 Dropout heart contractions, sequence of extrasystoles, intermittent IV leveled AV- block
 Sequence of ventricular extrasystoles, in serious cardiac muscle lesion

A

C

70
Q

Pericarditis sicca symptoms in horse
 Pain in cardiac area, soft heartsounds, scratching murmurs: increasing when the nose is occluded
 Cardiac friction sounds, cardiac dullness incr, heartbeats almonst silent: increasing/disappearing when the nose is occluded
 Cardiac pain, enlargement of the cardiac dullness, far heartsounds, friction sounds: disappearing when the nose is occluded

A

A

71
Q

In the course of Valsalva test
 Increasing of pericardial friction sound, pleuropleural murmurs disappeared
 Pericardiac murmurs disappeared
 Pleurocardiac murmurs increased

A

A

72
Q

Exsudative pericarditis symptoms horse
 Cardiac dullness enlargement, far heartsounds, endocardial cardial murmur, positive vein pulse, underbelly oedema
 Cardiac dullness enlargement, heartsounds far, non-audible, swelling of the jugular vein, underbelly oedema, abdominal punction: exsudation
 Cardiac dullness incr, frition sounds, Valsalva test +

A

A

73
Q

Intracardiac shunt detection horse
 Doppler echocardiography
 Scintigraphy, X-ray examination
 Measurement of the intracardiac blood pressure
 Contrast angiocardiography

A

A

74
Q

Bacterial endocarditis in horses/complication:
 Purulent meningoencephalitis of hematogenous origin
 Disseminated, multifocal, purulent nephritis with renal infarcts
 Acute, immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
 Pneumonia, polyarthritis, enteritis

A

B

75
Q

Most common localisation of bacterial endocarditis in horses
 Mostly the orifice of the pulmonary artery (pulmonary valve)
 Mostly the tricuspid valve
 Mostly the aortic and mitral valve
 Mostly the orifice of the pulmonary artery (pulmonary valve) and the aortic valve

A

C

76
Q

The aortic insufficiency of the horse is characterised by
 Strong diastolic cardiac murmur at the left, 4th intercostal space, rapid pulse, frequent in younger
 Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur on the left 5-6th intercostal space, slow pulse
 Strong machinery murmur on the left 5-6th intercostal space, water-hammer pulse
 Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur, in the left, 4th intercostal space, bumping
pulse, rather in adult horses

A

D

77
Q

Common physiological arrhythmia in horses
 Second degree atrioventricular block
 Premature ventricular extrasystole
 WPW syndrome
 Sinus pause

A

A

78
Q

Mitral insufficiency/symptoms/horse
 Holosystolic cardiac murmur in left 5th IC space, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, left-heart failure
 Strong pansystolic cardiac murmur in left 3rd IC space, tachypnea, dyspnoea, exercise intolerance
 Holodiastolic cardiac murmur in left 4th intercostal space, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, left-heart failure
 II/VI-V/VI diastolic cardiac murmur in the left 4th IC space

A

A

79
Q

The aortic insufficiency of the horse is characterised by?
 Strong systolic cardiac murmur left, 4th intercostal space, rapid pulse, frequent in older horses
 Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur on left 5-6th intercostal space, bumping pulse
 Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur, in left, 4th intercostal space, bumping pulse,
rather in adult horses
 Common in the first 2 weeks of life holodiastolic cardiac murmur on the right side

A

C

80
Q

Common complication of bacterial endocarditis in horses
 Meningoencephalitis
 Disseminated purulent nephritis
 Thromboembolism of the iliac arteries
 Rupture of the dilated left atrium

A

B

81
Q

The most specific plasma biochemical parameter to evaluate the biliary tract in horses is
 Glutamate dehydrogenase
 Lactate dehydrogenase
 Aspartate dehydrogenase
 Gamma-glutamyl transferase

A

D

82
Q

How do we take blood if we try to get pH and PaCO2 from arterial blood?
 5 ml syringe, 12 G needle
 After sampling, take the syringe and cover the tip immediately with a small piece of rubber
 Not necessarily cool, the sample can be tested tomorrow
 Without boditus from the metatarsal dorsalis, the wine is cut with a sterile scalpel above the artery

A

B

83
Q

For further evaluation of a suspected liver disease in horses, we can measure plasma concentration of
 Glutamate dehydrogenase
 Amylase
 Creatinine
 Creatinine kinase

A

A

84
Q

Which statement is correct for normal urine sample (SG=specific gravity)
 pH 8, SG 1014, mild proteinuria
 pH 8, SG 1028, glycosuria + with reagent strips
 pH 5, SG 1028, calcium carbonate crystals
 pH 8, SG 1028, calcium carbonate crystals

A

D

85
Q

When serum parameters would be increased in this foal with Se- Vitamin -E deficiency?
 AST, CK, LDH
 GGT, AST, ALT
 CK, SDH, GLDH
 Creatinine, ALT, CK

A

A

86
Q

Laboratory findings of a hepatopathy in horses
 ALT ↑, AST ↓, SDH ↑, total protein ↑, blood anaemia ↓
 Erythrocyte count ↓, left shift of the granulocytes, bilirubin ↑, bile acids ↓
 Bilirubin ↑, bile acids ↑, AST ↑, GGT ↑, GLDH ↑, SDH ↑
 BUN ↑, ammonia ↑, total protein ↑, creatinine ↑

A

C

87
Q

Physiological values of serum sodium in horses?
 55-100 mmol/l
 100-135 mmol/l
 135-155 mmol/l
 155-175 mmol/l

A

C

88
Q

Physiological upper limit of blood urea in horses
 5 mikromol/liter
 5 mmol/liter
 20 mmol/liter
 10 mmol/liter

A

D

89
Q

The upper physiological value of coagulation time in horse:
 <15 min
 <25 min
 <5min
 <35 min

A

C

90
Q

PPID diagnosis:
 Measuring GGI, LDH, CK
 Measuring ACTH, dexamethasone suppression test
 Thyroid profile tests
 Measuring TRH and insulin

A

B

91
Q

The upper physiological value of prothrombin time in horses
 <10sec  <20sec  <30sec  <40sec

A

B

92
Q

Normal values of blood glucose in horses
 3-5 mmol/l
 8-10 mmol/l
 2-3 mmol/l
 6-8 mmol/l

A

A

93
Q

Physiological values of blood bicarbonate in horses
 25-30 mmol/l
 20-25 mmol/l
 15-20 mmol/l
 5-10 mmol/l

A

B

94
Q

Physiological values of blood bicarbonate in horses
 25-30 mmol/l
 20-25 mmol/l
 15-20 mmol/l
 5-10 mmol/l

A

B

95
Q

Approximate normal value of hematocrit in horses:
 0.55
 0.40
0.30
0.25

A

B

96
Q

The upper limit of serum potassium in the horse
7 mmol/l
15 mmol/l
3 mmol/l
5 mmol/l

A

d

97
Q

What midriatics would you use to dilate the pupil in the ophthalmic examination?
 2% atropine
 1% tropicamide
 2% lidocaine
 1% pilocarpine

A

b

98
Q

What is a subpalpebral lavage catheter used for?
 To anaesthetize the ocular surface
 To provide long-term frequent topical treatment
 To check intraocular pressure
 To check nasolacrimal drainage patency

A

b

99
Q

How do you remove cheek teeth in horses in most cases?

In the standing horse – oral extraction
In general anaesthesia – repulsion
In general anaesthesia – oral extraction
In the standing horse – repulsion

A

A

100
Q

Dental diseases in horses/signs?
Riding difficulties, decreased appetite, weight loss, diarrhoea
Riding difficulties, decreased appetite, weight loss, nasal discharge
Dysphagia, nasal discharge, head tilt
Dysphagia, diarrhoea, nasogastric reflux

A

b

101
Q

What is the most important monitoring during GA in horses?
 Blood gas control
 Palpation of the pulse
 Auscultation of the thorax
 Direct blood pressure measurement

A

a

102
Q

Which drug is used for premedication for general anaesthesia?
 Propionil promazine
 Ketamine
 Acepromazine
 Dobutamine

A

c

103
Q

Which is the most often used inhalational anaesthetic in horse?
 Desfluran  Halothan  Isofluran  Enfluran

A

c

104
Q

Which drug is used for induction in GA?
 Xylazine
 Ketamine
 Acepromazine
 Dobutamine

A

b

105
Q

The following intravenous fluids are crystalloids, except:
 Normal saline
 5% glucose solution
 Hetastarch
 Ringer’s solution

A

C

106
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the placement of an intravenous cannula
 In horses, primarily the transversa facial vein is used for catheterization
 It is not necessary to scrape the cannula inserted into the lo wine, usually a cover??
 When one jugular vein jugular vein is obstructed, it is usually cannulated with one
of the thoracic external veins
 There is no need for sterile preparation at cannula preparation

A

C

107
Q

Which muscle is used for IM drug admin in horses?

M. quadriceps femoris
M. gluteus
M. Triceps brachii
M. Supraspinatus

A

B

108
Q

Which option is not true for intravenous drug delivery?
The sharp point must be closed with the ven (approx. 45 degrees)
Paravenous administration of thipental and phenylbutazone causes skin necrosis I
nflammation of the jugular vein exterior does not (or does?) have long-lasting, severe consequences
The jugular vein in the upper third of the neck is the most suitable for suction

A

D

109
Q

In a healthy horse, it is possible to palpate
 Mandibular LN
 Retropharyngeal LN
 Prescapular LN
 Iliosacral LN

A

A

110
Q

How to withdraw if you want arterial blood ph and PaCO2?
 Should be processed immediately or it can be placed on ice.
 Samples analysed for pH and PaCO2 determination are fairly stable and can be held at room
temperature for up to 1h.
 Arterial samples for determination of PaO2 are less stable and must be collected in glass
syringes and stored on ice (for up to 2h) if not immediately processed.

A

C

111
Q

IM injection in horses location

A

Neck: above the cervical vertebrae, below the nuchal ligament and in front of the scapula - Lower half of semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles
- Pectoral muscles
- Gluteal muscles

112
Q

What is NOT true about abdominocentesis

A

Decision CANNOT be made b/w medical or surgical treatment of colic

113
Q

Which of the following statements is correct about taking a urine sample from horses?
 It is only possible under sedation
 Transrectal aspiration from the urinary bladder is acceptable under general
anaesthesia
 It is possibly only after administering furosemide
 Placing the horse on fresh bedding may induce spontaneous urination

A

D

114
Q

Which of the following is the sign of incorrect placement of the needle when giving intraperitoneal injections?
 A hiss of air when puncturing the abdominal wall
 Haemorrhage from needle
 Free movement of needle in the abdominal cavity
 No resistance when administering the solution

A

B

115
Q

What would cause central distension of the jugular vein in the horse?
 Thrombophlebitis
 Pericardial effusion or tricuspid insufficiency
 Cor pulmonale
 AO insufficiency

A

A

116
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid can be collected from the
 Atlantoaxial space
 Thoracolumbar space
 Lumbosacral space
 Sacrococcygeal space

A

C

117
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid can be collected from:
 The lumbosacral region
 The sacrococcygeal space
 Between any two vertebrae
 Between C7 and Th1

A

A

118
Q

Cerebellar hypotrophia (inherited abiotrophy)
 Esp in arab foals, cerebellum cortical, congenital, purkinje fibres degeneration, symptoms after 6m age, head tremor, spastic ataxia, dysmetria (high steps)
 Hereditary cerebellar disease of English thoroughbreds, cerebellum atrophy, symptoms start in one month old foals, ataxia, rotary motion, disorder of balance, weakness
 Hereditary in pony foals, cerebellar disease, cortex degeneration, symptoms after 3m age, unsteady movements, foals suck only with help, ataxia, retarded growth

A

A

119
Q

Hydrocephalus in adult horse etiology and pathogenesis
 Liquor flow block – aqueduct of mesencephalon is obturated – cerebral edema – cerebral ventricle dilatation – pressure atrophy of cerebral ventricles peripheral neurons
 Block of liquor flow because of stricture of aqueduct of mesencephalon – cerebral oedema – protrusion – compression of aqueduct of mesencephalon – cerebral ventricle dilatation – cortex atrophy
 Incr liquor prod – liquor stagnation – cerebral oedema – cerebral ventricle dilatation – destruction of brain stem neurons

A

B

120
Q

ydrocephalus in adult horse CS
 Skull hypertrophy, dumbing, deafness, blindness, mutation of cerebral neurons, strabismus, eyelids-ear dangling, paralysis of tongue
 Dumbed countenance, spasms of temporal muscles, strabismus, nystagmus, imbalance, consciousness disorder
 Gradually deteriorate cortical outages, disorder of feeding and drinking, dumbing, moving disorder, disorder of proprioception

A

C

121
Q

Heat stroke in horses
 In working horse in vapoured hot summer, languor weakness, tachycardia – pulmonary oedema – cerebral oedema, 41-430
 Horse kept in warm stable, strong sweating, languor, excitement of vasomotoric centrum, high mortality, high mortality, 39.5-400
 Hot summer, colic-like restlessness, later weakness, spasms, loss of consciousness, high mortality, >420

A

A

122
Q

Cholesterol granuloma horse
 Cholesterol cessation in cerebral ventricles – cerebral ventricle dilatation – pressure atrophy of cortex
 Granuloma formation of cerebral ventricles – liquor circulatory disorder – hydrocephalus
 Brain stem granulomatosis – lesion of nucleus of V, Vii, IX cerebral neurons, strabismus, face paralysis, pharynx paralysis

A

B

123
Q

Narcolepsia, cataplexia in horse

 Appears in attacks, falling asleep voluntarily, gradually deteriorate attacks until collapse, clonic convulsions, coma – death
 Sleepiness/collapse, senseless status, generalized atonia, areflexia
 Hereditary, nervous system complient, temporal loss of consciousness, behaviour disorder in the breaks of the attacks, irritability

A

B

124
Q

Rabies etiology and pathogenesis
 Arbovirus, bites from rabid dogs, stabled horse, haematogenous virus prop, penetration into cerebrum only in case of immune def
 Virus inf from bites of rabid dogs, virus prop along nerves, replication in synapses, encephalomyelitis
 Lentivirus, nucleate encephalomyelitis, prop by bites of rabid foxes, penetration through a wound, penetration by lymph vessels

A

B

125
Q

RABIES CS;
 Within 1-3d after inf, behaviour disorder, anorexia, involuntary movement, high fever, loss of consciousness, spasms, death within 1-2d
 1-3d after inf, langor, weakness, paralysis of cerebral nerves, gradually deteriorating status, 3-4w disease progression
 Astrus like behaviour or emergence of penis, colic like restlessness, disorder of feed, water uptake, salivation, spasms, seizures, consciousness disorder, usually 2- 6d lethal ending disease progression

A

C

126
Q

Malformation and malarticulation of cervical vertebrae CS
 Locomotion disorder in 1⁄2 - 3y old foals, often HLs, ataxia, paresis, cervical pain, appearing suddenly, deteriorative, then stabilized process
 Imbalance esp in racehorses, stumbling, dangling head, painful when moving neck, paraparesis, slowly deteriorative progression
 Painful neck in 6m old English thoroughbred foals, dangling neck and head, later deterioration locomotion disorder, rotary motion, intermittent lameness, feeling wobbly, then tetraparesis

A

A

127
Q

Malformation and malarticulation of cervical vertebrae diagnosis
 Cervical x-ray in extended and flexed position, myelography
 Liquor sampling, CT exam
 Myelography, CT exam

A

A

128
Q

Myeloencephalomalacia caused by Herpesvirus

-Serious resp symptoms, after 6-8d NS CS, convulsions, paralysis of cranial nerves and skeletal muscles
-Pneumonia, after 3-4w paraparesis, paresthesia in gluteal region, paralysis of caudal/anal muscles, limbs, unconsciousness in more serious cases
-Resp symptoms, paraparesis, ataxia, sitting dog position, recumbency

A

C

129
Q

Myeloencephalomalacia caused by Herpesvirus
 Horses previously immunized never show CNS CS
 CNS CS are usually detected in young 1-2y old horses, most cases fatal
 CNS CS usually appear after resp CS and at the same time with epidemic abortion in
the herd

A

c

130
Q

Therapy of myeloencephalomalacia caused by Herpesvirus
 Diuretics, NSAIDs, manual removing of urine and feces if necessary, lifting cradle
 Manual removing of urine and feces if necessary, lifting cradle, ABs, penicillins,
vitamin C
 NSAIDs, DMSO infusion, manual removing of urine and feces if necessary, lifting cradle

A

C

131
Q

Borna disease
 ssRNA virus inf – slow degeneration of neurons – meningoencephalomyelitis, abnormal behavious, apathy, ataxia, compulsive movements, course takes 2-6w, fatal disease
 Herpesvirus inf – encephalomyelitis, paralysis, convulsions, “pushing syndrome”, slow course leading to death
 Arbovirus infection – perineural spreading to CNS – encephalomyelitis, confusion, apathy, convulsions, ataxia, compulsive movement, course takes 2-6w, fatal disease

A

A

132
Q

Bacterial meningitis horse
 Caused by septicaemia in foals, atypic symptoms, aggressive behaviour, paraparesis – paraplegia, fast progression of CNS symptoms
 Septicaemia in foals, abnormal behaviour and movement, paraesthesia, disorder of cranial nerve, recumbency – death
 In adult, atypic symptoms, general spastic paresis, normal consciousness

A

B

133
Q

Bacterial meningitis tx
 Trimethoprim, sulphonamides, amoxicillin, ketaprofen
 K-penicillin, gentamicin, enrofloxacin
 Ampicillin, tylosin, virginiamycin

A

A

134
Q

Equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELE)
 Mycotoxin uptake from rotten silage – encephalomalacia – convulsions, laryngoparesis
 Hepatic failure – toxins to brain – encephalomalacia – usually confusion, dementia, coma
 Food infected by moulds – fumonisin B1 toxins, encephalomalacia – dysphagia, dyskinesis – recumbency

A

C

135
Q

Botulism in horse
 Animal corpse, rotten food, infected wounds – botulotoxin – weakness, paralysis, laryngoparalysis, mydriasis, normal consciousness, recumbency
 Animal corpse, rotten food, infected wounds – botulotoxin – encephalomalacia – confusion, general weakness and paralysis – recumbency
 Botulotoxin uptake with contaminated food – encephalomalacia and hepatosis – jaundice, confusion, dysphagia – death in 7d

A

A

136
Q

Tetanic convulsions of mare
 Decr blood Ca, because of malnutrition of endocrine malfunction. Around parturition, epileptiform convulsions with consciousness.
 Epileptiform convulsions in mares, around estrus on genetic base ?
 In sensitive thoroughbred mare, mainly after races. Some minute-long convulsions because of the decr of blood Ca

A

A

137
Q

Tetanus CS
 Flag like tail, muscular rigidity, ptosis, lock jaw, salivation
 Heperreflexia, muscular rigidity, general muscular rigidity (esp ear, tail), lock jaw
 Hyperreflexia, rigidity of the neck, confusion, contorted facial expression

A

B

138
Q

Tetanus outcome
 In treated cases recover after 4-5d
 Course takes 10-14d, outcome adverse
 Short course – death in days, if 10-12d survival – possible to recover

A

C

139
Q

Tetanus tx
 Provide suitable place, diazepam, treat the wound, liquid nutrient supplement, muscle relaxants
 Major tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, infusions, serum therapy, drinking from the ground, provide good hay, walking twice a day
 Xylazine, narcotics, microlaxants , provide suitable place, infusions, ABs, easily chewable feed

A

A

140
Q

Unilateral facial nerve paralysis in horse
 Floppy ear, palpebral paralysis, face deform on the sick side, trismus
 Deformed face, floppy ears, ptosis, paralytic nose and lips
 Nose, lips hanging flagily, horse cannot close its mouth, tongue hangs out

A

B

141
Q

Neuritis caudae equinae
 Spastic paralytic flagging tail, skin hyperaesthesia near tail, closing m of rectum shrinking crampingly
 Muscles of tail shrinking crampingly, strong skin pain around tail, difficult to defecate and urinate
 Anaesthesia by anus, hyperaesthesia, tail paralysis, rectuparalysis

A

D

142
Q

Neuritis caudae equinae
 Another name is polyneuritis equi and degenerative disease of peripheral nerve system
 Another name is equine motor neuron disease and is caued by def in vit E
 Polyneuritis and equine motor neuron disease are caused by peripheral nerve system and the def of vit E

A

A

143
Q

Equine motor neuron disease/cause
 Selenium toxicity
 Vitamin E deficiency
 Vitamin B1 deficiency
 Unidentified clostridium strain

A

B

144
Q

Dysphagia/causes/horse
 Disorders of the V, VII, IX, X, XII cranial nerves
 Disorders of the V, VI, IX, X, XI cranial nerves
 Disorders of the IV, IX, XII cranial nerves
 Disorders of the III, VII, X, XI, XII cranial nerves

A

A

145
Q

Tongue paralysis of horses/causes?
 Paralysis of the n. vagus, strangles
 Rabies, botulism, equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELE)
 Rabies, narcolepsy, rhinopneumonitis
 Polyneuritis equi, equine dyautonemia (grass sickness), n. accessories paralysis

A

B

146
Q

Grass sickness/horse/characteristics?
 Draft horses on pasture, myopathy
 Young horses on pasture, myopathy
 Older horses on pasture, dermatologic disease
 Young horses on pasture, neurologic disease

A

D

147
Q

Definitive diagnosis of equine leukoencephalomalacia
 Elevated liver and kidney parameters
 Feed analysis and histopathology (brain, liver)
 Clinical signs are definitive
 Elevated liver parameters and glucosuria

A

B

148
Q

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)/prognosis and treatment:
 Sulphonamides, antibiotics might help in early stage
 Always fatal outcome, affected animals should be slaughtered
 Only symptomatic treatment is possible, sometimes improvement might occur
 Only symptomatic treatment is possible, with poor prognosis

A

A

149
Q

Botulism Aetiology Horse
 Cl. botulinum + botulinum toxin contaminated carrion remnant in the feed e.g. rotten silage, exceptionally Cl. botulinum infected wounds or gastrointestinal tract
 Cl. botulinum -> per os uptake of bacterium contaminated carrion in the feed or rotten silage -> Cl. botulinum septicaemia
 Spreading of Cl. botulinum in anaerobe wounds; exceptionally per os uptake of botulinum toxin contaminated carrion remnants with the feed
 Spreading of Cl. botulisnum in the gut, bacteraemia

A

A

150
Q

Herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy clinical signs/horse
 Epileptiform convulsions, cranial nerve paralysis, then severe resp. signs within 6-8 days
 Pneumonia, followed by facial and trigeminal paralysis within 3-4 weeks, unconscious
 Asymmetric gluteal muscle atrophy
 Resp. signs, followed by paraparesis, ataxia, dog sitting position, recumbency

A

D

151
Q

Polyneuritis/aetiology/horse?
 EHV-2, adenovirus, Rhodococcus equi
 EHV-1 adenovirus, Streptococcus
 EHV-1, fumonizin, Actinobacillus equuli
 Clostritidium botulinum C

A

B

152
Q

Definitive diagnosis of equine leukoencephalomalacia?
 Elevated liver and kidney parameters
 Feed analysis and histopathology (brain, liver)
 Clinical signs are definitive
 Elevated liver parameters and glucosuria

A

B

153
Q

Equine Leukoencephalomalacia

A

Equine Leukoencephalomalacia
Cause: fumonisin B1
Diagnosis:
 Feed examination
 Necropsy: brain, liver

154
Q

Botulism

A

Aetiology:
 Botulin toxin (Cl. botulinum)
 Carcass, rotten feed, wound infection
Neurologic signs appear 6 to 10 days after infection by the intranasal route
 The onset of these signs may be preceded or accompanied by upper respiratory
 signs, fever and inappetence
 Acute (or peracute) onset of ataxia and paresis are characteristic signs

155
Q

What are the causes of pyrrolizidine-toxicosis in horses?
 Senecio, Crotalaria-sp.
 Insecticides with organophosphates
 Anti-parasitic agents containing pyrrolizidine
 Accumulation of toxic metabolites in hepatic fibrosis

A

A

156
Q

Chronic Hepatitis and Cirrhosis

A
  • Occurrence:
     Sporadic, enzootic (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) - ragwort
     Crotalia, Senecio, Heliotropism (alkaloids!)
     Chronic or acute intake of 4-5% BW
157
Q

Which disease is abbreviated with ELE(M) and what is its cause?
 Equine leukoencephalomyelitis, togavirus
 Equine leukoencephalomalacia, fumonisin-B1 toxin
 Equine lekoencepahlomacia and myelosis, satratoxin
 Equine lymphocytic encephalitis viral infection

A

B

158
Q

Cerebral commotion in horses/treatment?
 General anaesthesia
 DMSO infusion
 0.45% NaCl solution
 Pentoxiphylline

A

B

159
Q

Decrease secondary oedema
 Glucocorticoids
 DMSO (10% in 5% dextrose)
 40% dextrose

A

?

160
Q

Causes and features of Tyzzer-disease in horses?
 Listeria monocytogenes-caused meningoenphalitis
 Actinobacillus equulis infection, septicaemia in foals
 Clostridium piliforme acute hepatitis in foals
 Clostridium botulinum, hepatocencephalopathy in foals

A

C

161
Q

Neurophysiologic background of botulism?
 Paralysis of the striated muscles due to inhibited released of GABA at the presynaptic motor nerve endings
 Paralysis of the striated muscles due to inhibited release of acetylcholine at the presynaptic motor nerve endings
 General muscular paralysis due to inhibited release of acetylcholine at the presynaptic motor nerve endings
 Paralysis of striated muscles due to inhibited release of GABA at postsynaptic motor n. endings

A

C

162
Q

Features of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy?
 Horses previously immunised never show CNS signs
 CNS signs usually appear in 1-2 years old, before respiratory signs, and in most cases
are fatal
 CNS signs usually appear in adult horses after the respiratory signs
 Horses with herpes myeloencephalopathy have grave prognosis

A

C

163
Q

Cerebral commotion in horses/consequences?
 Long-lasting loss of consciousness, recumbency, convulsions
 Temporary loss of consciousness, disorders of locomotion
 Recumbency, bleeding from the nostrils and from the ears
 Bilateral facial paralysis

A

C
SIGNS:

 Cerebral lesions - immediate consequences
 Haematoma - prolonged consequences
 Loss of consciousness - sudden death
 Focal signs - paralysis, abnormal posture, and gait
 Epistasis, bleeding from ears
 Vestibular signs - head tilt, nystagmus, strabismus

164
Q

Facial paralysis/aetiology/horse?
 Guttural pouch mycosis, otitis media
 Basilar skull fracture, hydrocephalus
 Stachybotriotoxicosis, wobbler syndrome
 Fracture of the basisphenoid bone, leukoencephalomyelitis

A

A

165
Q

Characteristics of equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELE)?
 Mycotoxin uptake from rotten silage -> encephalomalacia -> convulsion, laryngoparalysis
 Hepatic failure -> toxins into the brain -> encephalomalacia -> usually confusion, dementia, coma
 Food contaminated with moulds -> fumonisn-B1 toxin: encephalomalacia -> dysphagia, dyskinesis -> recumbency
 Pirrolizidine toxicosis -> encephalomalacia -> dementia

A

C

11th Semester (7 decks)

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