Equine 2 Flashcards
Large Colon Obstipation tx
A. Paraffin oil poured into horse mouth, enema, neostigmine
B. MgSO4 poured into horse mouth, repeated neostigmine inj
C. Flunixin- meglumide to treat endotoxaemia, fluid therapy, paraffin oil, istizin
C
Small Colon Obstipation Causes
Small rough plant parts get into small colon – convulsions, intestinal passage stops
Many rough plantal fibres get into small colon – intestinal atony – thickening of int content
Small colon fills with thickened content – int dilatation/atony – int passage stops
C
Small colon obstipation CS
-Slight/serious colic, faintness/lack of appetite, defecation faiure, rectal findings; hard deces balls in small colon
-Slight colic, few hard faecal balls, rectal findings; hard, thickened faeces in small colon
-Permanent colic changing in its intensity, total lack of food uptake/faintness, no defecation, rectal findings; hard fecal balls in small colon
C
Small colon obstipation tx
Intestinal tamponade, laxative oil/salts, mechanical removal
Enema, repeated IM physostigmine inj, walk
Fasting, sucralfate inj, intestinal tamponade, istizin
A
Meconium colic
Intestinal obturation in newborn foal caused by chorion
Meconium accumulation in small colon of newborn foals
Convulsion/obstipation caused by meconium in the newborn foal
B
Meconium colic causes
Lengthened gravidity, lg amount of meconium, difficult birth
Retained placenta, lack of colostrum, premature birth
Lack of colostrum, lengthened gravidity, tight pelvis
C
Meconium colic symptoms
Defecation attempts, bad general state
Hard/pitch like feces, permanent colic, anuria
Pitch-like feces, colic, faintness
A
Meconium colic tx
Enema, istizin, im physostigmine inj
Mechanical removal of meconium, enema, paraffin oil given through nasal tube
Enema, laxative oil/salt poured into foals mouth, mechanical removal of meconium
B
Mechanical
ileus of large colon causes
Intestinal obturative ileus
FB gets into int / spastic ileus
Congobatum, enteroliths, phytotrichobezoars/obturative ileus
C
Mechanical Ileus of large colon CS
Long lasting course, colic, intestinal sounds incr, defecation decr, coprological
investigation, loosened colon
Course lasts 1-2d, colic, int paralysis, meteorism, rectal findings; int wall oedema, causing thing is touchable
Fatal fast course, colic, meteorism, shock, rectal findings; oedematous colon filled by gas
B
Forms of large colon dislocation ileus
Torsion, thrombo-embolic enteropathy, angle refraction
Angle refraction/retroflexion, torsion, large intestinal exclusion caused by spleen-
kidney ligament
Retroflexion, torsion, intestinal obturation/compression
B
Large colon dislocation etiology
Motility of large colon incr because of enteritis, rolling, anatomic disposition
LI/meteorismus, irritation of int wall – int motility incr, suddenly moving
Unequal fullness of large colon, suddenly powerful moving (plica colica) anatomical
disposition
C
Large colon torsion pathogenesis
Compression of int veins – circ decr in lrg areas – hypovolaemic + endotoxaemic shock
Int motility incr – diarrhea – fluid loss – hypovolaemic shock
Torsion/compression of vessels – local circulation insuff – int necrosis – endotoxaemia/bacteraemia
A
Large colon torsion CS
Powerful colic, hard intestinal sounds, bad general health, rectal findings; place of torsion can be tangled as a gross band
Continuous colic thrashing, bloat, alarming general health, rectal finding; oedema infiltration of int wall is typical
Hard colic + int motility incr, bloat, bad general health, rectal finding; torsion is tangled
B
Large Colon torsion outcome
cannot solve with surgery, mortality within 1d
Sx rarely successful, physostigmine inj can help, mortality within 2-3d
Sx can be successful within 8h, otherwise death within 1d
C
Thrombo-embolic intestinal disease
A thrombosis/embolism in wall of colon/mesenterium caused by strongylus vulgaris larvae
Colic disease caused by Strongylus vulgris roundworm
Hypermotility – large intestine displacement colic caused by roundworm larvae
A
Thrombo-embolic intestinal disease etiology
Roundworm migration in intestinal wall – blood supply decr – intestinal wall oedema/necrosis – peritonitis/shock
Embolism in intestinal artery – blood supply decr – colic, int wall oedema/necrosis – peritonitis/shock
Strongylus vulgaris infection – intestinal vessel thrombosis – intestinal paralysis – paralytic ileus – shock
B
Thrombo-embolic intestinal disease CS and outcome
Colic, meteorismus, paralytic ileus, roundworms in feces, rectal findings; LI bloating, physostigmine inj, prognosis doubtful
Light/medium colic, meteorismus/diarrhea, rectal findings; LI filled w gas, strongylus eggs in feces, surgery, prognosis doubtful
Sudden serious colic, bloat, paralytic ileus symptoms, rectal findings; not typical, tx palliative, mortality within 1d
C
Rectum rupture etiology
Amateur rectal finding/covering
Rectal finding, obstipation
Amateur covering/colic tx, intestinal torsion
A
Rectum rupture/intestinal wall rupture consequences
Hard colic, paralytic ileus, blood flow from the rectum, peritonitis, sx ineffective, death within 2-5d
Painful worrying, blood from rectum, septicaemia/endotoxaemia, death within 2-3h in case of perforation
Colic worrying, blood from rectum, defecation disorder, injury can be successfully treated even in case of perforation
B
Rupture of rectum / mucosal injury effects
Colic restlessness, fatigue/weakness, bleeding from rectum, surgery useless, death in 2- 3d
Defecation painful, feces covered with blood, worsening condition, untreatable
Bleeding during rectal palpation, pain, wound has to be stitched, prognosis
good/unstable
usually good prognosis with just the mucosal damage
C
Rupture of rectal wall tx
Conservative therapy in simple cases, sx + conservative therapy in more complicated cases, untreatable in case of perforation
Always sx, can help even in case of complete rupture of rectal wall
Conservative tx is long, but useful except if complete perforation, in that case prognosis
is uncertain
A
Chronic enteritis, cyathostomiasis tx
Fenbendazole, moxidectin
Ivermextin, moxidectin
Mebendazole, ivermectin
A
Chronic enteritis etiology
Granulomatous enteritis appears usually in horse older than 15y
Multisystemic eosinophil epitheliotrop disease causing lesions in gut mucosa and skin
Proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis and appears in horses older
than 15y (foals)
B
Pathomechanism of colic. What is not typical?
Hypovolaemia
Hyperthermia
Endotoxaemia
Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy-occur secondary to colic?
B
Causative agent of equine proliferative enteropathy?
E. coli
Lawsonia intracellularis
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium perfringens D
B
Aetiology of acute gastric dilation in horses?
Poorly digestible feed + lack of water
Highly fermentable feed + hard work after feeding
Overfeeding with hay + weather front changes
Sand-containing food + weather front changes
B
Acute primary gastric dilation/treatment/horse?
Gastric lavage by tubing, spamolytics, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement, flunixin meglumine (analgesia)
Analgesics, mobilisers, sucralfate, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement
Mineral oil, activated charcoal, sennoside, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement
Diet coke, lidocaine, acepromazine
A
Large colon torsion/outcome?
Can’t be solved by surgery, always fatal outcome within one day
Operation rarely successful, physostigmine inj. otherwise death within 2-3 days
Operation can be successful within 8 hours, without surgery: death
Specific body rotation in general anaesthesia can be solution
C
Dysphagia/causes/horse?
E.g. blister beetle toxicosis, mandibular trauma, cyst of the soft palate
E.g. guttural pouch mycosis, retropharyngeal abscess, cleft palate
E.g. Dorsal displacement of soft palate, sinusitis, hypertriglyceridemia
Equine motor neuron disease, herpesvirus infection, West Nile virus infection
B
Cause of paralytic ileus?
Enteritis, peritonitis, abdominal surgery (postoperative stage)
Tetanus, botulism, enterotoxicosis, herpes
Stress, organic phosphorous ester toxicosis
Intestinal intussusception, chantaridin toxicosis
A
Clinical signs of acute proximal enteritis/horse?
Colic, strong GI sounds, sunken abdomen, diarrhoea, dehydration
Colic depression, poor general status, reflux, distended small intestinal loops
on US
Mild/moderate colic, meteorism, melaena, dehydration, shock
Loss of appetite, weight loss, recurrent fever
B
Oesophageal obturation/treatment/horse?
Trocarisation of the caecum if necessary, dipyrone, xylazine
Dipyrone, xylazine, trying to remove the solid food by hand if it is located behind
the pharynx
Oxytocin, butyl scopolamine, xylazine, oesophagostomy if other methods of removal fail
Neostigmine, lidocaine, liquid paraffin
C
Grass sickness/horse/cause?
Salmonella sp.
Cl. tetani
Cl. botulinum
Groundsel
C
Grass sickness/horse/clinical signs?
Obstipation, nasogastric reflux, ptosis, muscle fasciculations
Diarrhoea, reflux, miosis
Reflux, nystagmus, muscle fasciculations
Obstipation, nystagmus, dysphagia
A
Spasmodic colic/symptoms?
Severe colic/rolling, danger of gastric rupture, high mortality rate
Mild/moderate colic in attacks, negative rectal findings, fast course,
favourable outcome
Mild/moderate, recurrent colic, diarrhoea, rectal finding: distended intestines
Poor performance, recurrent
B
When should you send a colic horse to an equine clinic?
If the colic symptoms still exist after one hour, if you can’t give infusion at that
place, pulse is constantly about 40 beats/min
Colic despite of medical therapy, tympany, clinical/rectal findings reveal severe diseases, pulse constantly more than 50 beats/minute, not responding well to therapy, local conditions
Strong intestinal sounds/frequent flatulating, colic is worsening despite the negative rectal finding, nasogastric tubing is not possible
Pulse rate >40/min, respiratory rate <40/min, less than 4 piles of faeces/day
B
Esophageal obturation in horses/etiology:
Dry chopped feed
Solid pieces of feed (apple, potato, sugar beet)
Abnormal position of the ligamentum botalli
Most commonly secondary to other problems
B
Esophageal obturation/symptoms/horse:
Dysphagia due to secondary pharyngeal paralysis, regurgitation, colic
Esophageal spasm, retching, regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia
Inability to swallow, esophageal paralysis, secondary laryngeal paralysis
Swollen neck, ptyalism
B
Mycotic stomatitis of horses/aetiology?
Fusariosis, actinomycosis
Cryptococcosis, aflatoxicosis
Candidiasis, satratoxicosis
Aspergillosis, trichomoniasis
C
Grading of gastric ulcers/horse:
0-4 0-5 0-10 a-d
A
Stomatitis of horses/viral and fungal origin/causes?
Vesiculovirus, candidiasis, satratoxicosis
Aphtovirus, herpesvirus, candidiasis
Vesiculovirus, satratoxicosis, crptococcus neoformans
Herpesvirus, rotavirus, adenovirus
A
Laxatives for horses?
Magnesium sulfate, neostigmine, sennoside
Mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulphate (Na)
Mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, carbachol
Diet coke, charcoal
B
Cleft palate in horses?
Signs: dysphagia, nasal discharge with food particles
Complications: decreased weight, diarrhoea, aspiration pneumonia
Diagnosis: radiography
Treatment: none
A
Oesophageal obturation/prognosis/horse?
Mostly unfavourable
Mostly favourable
Always fatal outcome
Poor prognosis
B
Real colic is?
A painful syndrome of the abdominal digestive organs
All diseases causing abdominal pain
A syndrome in horses characterised by pain and unrest
A painful syndrome of the digestive organs
A
Esophageal obturation/etiology/horse:
Primary; dry, chopped food, secondary; other esophageal diseases
Primary; sharp metallic objects, secondary;primary gastric obturation
Primary; foreign bodies, poor dentition, secondary; mycotic innervation disorder
due to inflammation of guttural pouch
Primary; esophageal paralysis, secondary; reflux due to gastric ulcer
A
Colitis aetiology/horse?
Lawsonia intracellularis, Salmonella, E. coli
Metronidazole, lincomycin, Streptococcus zooepidemicus
E. coli, salmonella, carbohydrate overload, Aspergillus, microsporon
Salmonella, certain antibiotics, blister beetle
C
Stomatitis of horses/viral and fungal origin/which statement it NOT true?
Can be caused by vesiculovirus, Candida albicans
Can be caused by aphtovirus, herpesvirus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Can be caused by vesiculovirus, Stachybotris atra
Can be caused by vesiculovirus, candidiasis, stachybotryotoxicosis
B
Oesophageal obturation/most common complication/horse?
Angina pharynges
Secondary gastric dilation
Pharyngeal paralysis
Aspiration pneumonia
D
Equine gastric ulcer/treatment/horse?
Spasmolytic, flunixin meglumine
H2 antagonist, proton pump inhibitor, sucralfate
Mineral oil, proton pump inhibitors, NSAID, H2 antagonist
Phenylbutazone, sucralfate, aluminium hydroxide
B
In a normal ECG, P-wave is followed by:
Twave
R wave
Q wave
S wave
C
Normal in horses:
Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation
2nd degree AV block
Arrhythmia
C
The cardiovascular system can’t be examined with:
ECG
Ultrasound
Phonocardiography
Endoscopy
D
Point of maximum intensity for mitral valve: ( left -5 )
Right ICS 6
Left ICS 6
Left ICS 5
Left ICS 4
C
Point of maximum intensity of aortic valve: ( left -4, dorsally)
Right ICS 3
Right ICS 4
Left ICS 4
Left ICS 7
C
Heart murmur grading:
1-6 scale
1-4 scale
A
Common cardiac malformations in horses:
Persistent ductus Botalli
Tricuspid valve deformity
Interventricular septal defect
C
Bacterial endocarditis locations in horse:
Mostly the pulmonary orifice
Mostly the tricuspid valve
Mostly the aorta- and mitral valve
C
Bacterial endocarditis symptoms horse:
Fever, weariness, pulse rate incr, holodiastolic noise in the orifice of the aorta, decrescendo
Fever, poor health, cardiac dullness enlarged, strong systolic noise, oedema in the abdominal skin
Weariness, anorexia, rapid/weak pulse, cardiac dullness increased, holosystolic heart noises, oedema on foot
A
Bacterial endocarditis treatment horse
AB cure for 1-2w, bronchodilators, secretolyics
AB cure for 4-6w, sensitivity test, penicillin, gentamycin, cephalosporin, therapy of the congestive heart failure
AB cure for 4-6 days, penicillin, streptomycin, lincomicin, clindamycin
B
Aortic insufficiency horse
Strong systolic heart noise in the left 4 ICS, rapid pulse, frequent in older horses
Strong holodiastolic heart noise in the left 5-6 ICS, bumping pulse (ICS: left 3-6)
Strong holodiastolic heart noise, bumping pulse, frequent in older horses
C
Mitral insufficiency horse
Holosystolic heart noise, tachypnoe, congestion in the pulmonary circulation
In the left 3 ICS strong pandsystolic heart noise, tachypnoe, dyspnoe, decline of
performance, frequent
In the right 3 ICS strong pandiastolic heart noise, tachypnoe, dyspnoe, decline of
performance, very rare
A
Tricuspid insufficiency horse
Pansystolic noise on the area of the left cardiac dullness, right heart insufficiency, high/rapid pulse, strong venous pulse on the jugular fossa, frequent in sport horses
Systolic noise in the puctum maximum of the tricuspidal valve, right heart insufficiency, wide v. jugularis, positive vein pulse, rare
Holodiastolic heart noise on the area of the right relative cardiac dullness, strong venous pulse on the right jugular fossa, frequent in old horses
B
Diagnosis of the valve diseases with echocardiography in horse
One dimension: valve problems, two dimensions: changes of the size of the heart ventricles, fractional shortening, Doppler: the mistakes of the heart’s blood supply
One dimension: fractional shortening, two dimensions: valve problems, Doppler:
abnormal blood flowing round the valves.
One dimension: size changes of the heart chambers, fractional shortening, two dimensions: morphological abnormalities of the valves, Doppler: abnormal blood flowing in the chambers of the heart.
B
Myocardiopathies/causes/horse
Rhinopneumonitis, Equine influenza, septicaemia, Strongylus-larves, aflatoxin poisoning
Equine influenza, Equine Infectious Anaemia, strangles, dirofilariosis, mebendazoltoxiosis
Rhinopneumonitis, Equine influenza, Equine Infectious Anaemia, strangles, Strongylus-larves, monenzin toxicosis
C
Myocardiopathies/causes/horse
Rhinopneumonitis, Equine influenza, septicaemia, Strongylus-larves, aflatoxin poisoning
Equine influenza, Equine Infectious Anaemia, strangles, dirofilariosis, mebendazoltoxiosis
Rhinopneumonitis, Equine influenza, Equine Infectious Anaemia, strangles, Strongylus-larves, monenzin toxicosis
C
Heart rhythm disorders/reasons of the medical treatment/horse
Decline of performance, heart frequency during endurance test >200, in rest >90/minute, ventricle extrasystoles/tachyarrhythmias
Decline of performance, heart frequency during endurance test >120, in rest >40/minute, auricle extrasystoles, in case of ventricle tachyarrhythmias
Poor health, heart frequency during endurance test >200, in rest >90/minute, atrioventrcicular heart block
A
Interruptio cordis causes and background information in horse
Vagotonia, 2nd degree AV block
Heart muscle damage, ectopic centre
Stimulus generalisation deficiency, failing of 1-1 heart cycle
A
Ventricular tachycardia features in horse
Heartbeat dropout in serious cardiac muscle lesion, sequence of ventricle escape beat
Dropout heart contractions, sequence of extrasystoles, intermittent IV leveled AV- block
Sequence of ventricular extrasystoles, in serious cardiac muscle lesion
C
Pericarditis sicca symptoms in horse
Pain in cardiac area, soft heartsounds, scratching murmurs: increasing when the nose is occluded
Cardiac friction sounds, cardiac dullness incr, heartbeats almonst silent: increasing/disappearing when the nose is occluded
Cardiac pain, enlargement of the cardiac dullness, far heartsounds, friction sounds: disappearing when the nose is occluded
A
In the course of Valsalva test
Increasing of pericardial friction sound, pleuropleural murmurs disappeared
Pericardiac murmurs disappeared
Pleurocardiac murmurs increased
A
Exsudative pericarditis symptoms horse
Cardiac dullness enlargement, far heartsounds, endocardial cardial murmur, positive vein pulse, underbelly oedema
Cardiac dullness enlargement, heartsounds far, non-audible, swelling of the jugular vein, underbelly oedema, abdominal punction: exsudation
Cardiac dullness incr, frition sounds, Valsalva test +
A
Intracardiac shunt detection horse
Doppler echocardiography
Scintigraphy, X-ray examination
Measurement of the intracardiac blood pressure
Contrast angiocardiography
A
Bacterial endocarditis in horses/complication:
Purulent meningoencephalitis of hematogenous origin
Disseminated, multifocal, purulent nephritis with renal infarcts
Acute, immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
Pneumonia, polyarthritis, enteritis
B
Most common localisation of bacterial endocarditis in horses
Mostly the orifice of the pulmonary artery (pulmonary valve)
Mostly the tricuspid valve
Mostly the aortic and mitral valve
Mostly the orifice of the pulmonary artery (pulmonary valve) and the aortic valve
C
The aortic insufficiency of the horse is characterised by
Strong diastolic cardiac murmur at the left, 4th intercostal space, rapid pulse, frequent in younger
Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur on the left 5-6th intercostal space, slow pulse
Strong machinery murmur on the left 5-6th intercostal space, water-hammer pulse
Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur, in the left, 4th intercostal space, bumping
pulse, rather in adult horses
D
Common physiological arrhythmia in horses
Second degree atrioventricular block
Premature ventricular extrasystole
WPW syndrome
Sinus pause
A
Mitral insufficiency/symptoms/horse
Holosystolic cardiac murmur in left 5th IC space, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, left-heart failure
Strong pansystolic cardiac murmur in left 3rd IC space, tachypnea, dyspnoea, exercise intolerance
Holodiastolic cardiac murmur in left 4th intercostal space, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, left-heart failure
II/VI-V/VI diastolic cardiac murmur in the left 4th IC space
A
The aortic insufficiency of the horse is characterised by?
Strong systolic cardiac murmur left, 4th intercostal space, rapid pulse, frequent in older horses
Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur on left 5-6th intercostal space, bumping pulse
Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur, in left, 4th intercostal space, bumping pulse,
rather in adult horses
Common in the first 2 weeks of life holodiastolic cardiac murmur on the right side
C
Common complication of bacterial endocarditis in horses
Meningoencephalitis
Disseminated purulent nephritis
Thromboembolism of the iliac arteries
Rupture of the dilated left atrium
B
The most specific plasma biochemical parameter to evaluate the biliary tract in horses is
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Lactate dehydrogenase
Aspartate dehydrogenase
Gamma-glutamyl transferase
D
How do we take blood if we try to get pH and PaCO2 from arterial blood?
5 ml syringe, 12 G needle
After sampling, take the syringe and cover the tip immediately with a small piece of rubber
Not necessarily cool, the sample can be tested tomorrow
Without boditus from the metatarsal dorsalis, the wine is cut with a sterile scalpel above the artery
B
For further evaluation of a suspected liver disease in horses, we can measure plasma concentration of
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Amylase
Creatinine
Creatinine kinase
A
Which statement is correct for normal urine sample (SG=specific gravity)
pH 8, SG 1014, mild proteinuria
pH 8, SG 1028, glycosuria + with reagent strips
pH 5, SG 1028, calcium carbonate crystals
pH 8, SG 1028, calcium carbonate crystals
D
When serum parameters would be increased in this foal with Se- Vitamin -E deficiency?
AST, CK, LDH
GGT, AST, ALT
CK, SDH, GLDH
Creatinine, ALT, CK
A
Laboratory findings of a hepatopathy in horses
ALT ↑, AST ↓, SDH ↑, total protein ↑, blood anaemia ↓
Erythrocyte count ↓, left shift of the granulocytes, bilirubin ↑, bile acids ↓
Bilirubin ↑, bile acids ↑, AST ↑, GGT ↑, GLDH ↑, SDH ↑
BUN ↑, ammonia ↑, total protein ↑, creatinine ↑
C
Physiological values of serum sodium in horses?
55-100 mmol/l
100-135 mmol/l
135-155 mmol/l
155-175 mmol/l
C
Physiological upper limit of blood urea in horses
5 mikromol/liter
5 mmol/liter
20 mmol/liter
10 mmol/liter
D
The upper physiological value of coagulation time in horse:
<15 min
<25 min
<5min
<35 min
C
PPID diagnosis:
Measuring GGI, LDH, CK
Measuring ACTH, dexamethasone suppression test
Thyroid profile tests
Measuring TRH and insulin
B
The upper physiological value of prothrombin time in horses
<10sec <20sec <30sec <40sec
B
Normal values of blood glucose in horses
3-5 mmol/l
8-10 mmol/l
2-3 mmol/l
6-8 mmol/l
A
Physiological values of blood bicarbonate in horses
25-30 mmol/l
20-25 mmol/l
15-20 mmol/l
5-10 mmol/l
B
Physiological values of blood bicarbonate in horses
25-30 mmol/l
20-25 mmol/l
15-20 mmol/l
5-10 mmol/l
B
Approximate normal value of hematocrit in horses:
0.55
0.40
0.30
0.25
B
The upper limit of serum potassium in the horse
7 mmol/l
15 mmol/l
3 mmol/l
5 mmol/l
d
What midriatics would you use to dilate the pupil in the ophthalmic examination?
2% atropine
1% tropicamide
2% lidocaine
1% pilocarpine
b
What is a subpalpebral lavage catheter used for?
To anaesthetize the ocular surface
To provide long-term frequent topical treatment
To check intraocular pressure
To check nasolacrimal drainage patency
b
How do you remove cheek teeth in horses in most cases?
In the standing horse – oral extraction
In general anaesthesia – repulsion
In general anaesthesia – oral extraction
In the standing horse – repulsion
A
Dental diseases in horses/signs?
Riding difficulties, decreased appetite, weight loss, diarrhoea
Riding difficulties, decreased appetite, weight loss, nasal discharge
Dysphagia, nasal discharge, head tilt
Dysphagia, diarrhoea, nasogastric reflux
b
What is the most important monitoring during GA in horses?
Blood gas control
Palpation of the pulse
Auscultation of the thorax
Direct blood pressure measurement
a
Which drug is used for premedication for general anaesthesia?
Propionil promazine
Ketamine
Acepromazine
Dobutamine
c
Which is the most often used inhalational anaesthetic in horse?
Desfluran Halothan Isofluran Enfluran
c
Which drug is used for induction in GA?
Xylazine
Ketamine
Acepromazine
Dobutamine
b
The following intravenous fluids are crystalloids, except:
Normal saline
5% glucose solution
Hetastarch
Ringer’s solution
C
Which of the following is true regarding the placement of an intravenous cannula
In horses, primarily the transversa facial vein is used for catheterization
It is not necessary to scrape the cannula inserted into the lo wine, usually a cover??
When one jugular vein jugular vein is obstructed, it is usually cannulated with one
of the thoracic external veins
There is no need for sterile preparation at cannula preparation
C
Which muscle is used for IM drug admin in horses?
M. quadriceps femoris
M. gluteus
M. Triceps brachii
M. Supraspinatus
B
Which option is not true for intravenous drug delivery?
The sharp point must be closed with the ven (approx. 45 degrees)
Paravenous administration of thipental and phenylbutazone causes skin necrosis I
nflammation of the jugular vein exterior does not (or does?) have long-lasting, severe consequences
The jugular vein in the upper third of the neck is the most suitable for suction
D
In a healthy horse, it is possible to palpate
Mandibular LN
Retropharyngeal LN
Prescapular LN
Iliosacral LN
A
How to withdraw if you want arterial blood ph and PaCO2?
Should be processed immediately or it can be placed on ice.
Samples analysed for pH and PaCO2 determination are fairly stable and can be held at room
temperature for up to 1h.
Arterial samples for determination of PaO2 are less stable and must be collected in glass
syringes and stored on ice (for up to 2h) if not immediately processed.
C
IM injection in horses location
Neck: above the cervical vertebrae, below the nuchal ligament and in front of the scapula - Lower half of semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles
- Pectoral muscles
- Gluteal muscles
What is NOT true about abdominocentesis
Decision CANNOT be made b/w medical or surgical treatment of colic
Which of the following statements is correct about taking a urine sample from horses?
It is only possible under sedation
Transrectal aspiration from the urinary bladder is acceptable under general
anaesthesia
It is possibly only after administering furosemide
Placing the horse on fresh bedding may induce spontaneous urination
D
Which of the following is the sign of incorrect placement of the needle when giving intraperitoneal injections?
A hiss of air when puncturing the abdominal wall
Haemorrhage from needle
Free movement of needle in the abdominal cavity
No resistance when administering the solution
B
What would cause central distension of the jugular vein in the horse?
Thrombophlebitis
Pericardial effusion or tricuspid insufficiency
Cor pulmonale
AO insufficiency
A
Cerebrospinal fluid can be collected from the
Atlantoaxial space
Thoracolumbar space
Lumbosacral space
Sacrococcygeal space
C
Cerebrospinal fluid can be collected from:
The lumbosacral region
The sacrococcygeal space
Between any two vertebrae
Between C7 and Th1
A
Cerebellar hypotrophia (inherited abiotrophy)
Esp in arab foals, cerebellum cortical, congenital, purkinje fibres degeneration, symptoms after 6m age, head tremor, spastic ataxia, dysmetria (high steps)
Hereditary cerebellar disease of English thoroughbreds, cerebellum atrophy, symptoms start in one month old foals, ataxia, rotary motion, disorder of balance, weakness
Hereditary in pony foals, cerebellar disease, cortex degeneration, symptoms after 3m age, unsteady movements, foals suck only with help, ataxia, retarded growth
A
Hydrocephalus in adult horse etiology and pathogenesis
Liquor flow block – aqueduct of mesencephalon is obturated – cerebral edema – cerebral ventricle dilatation – pressure atrophy of cerebral ventricles peripheral neurons
Block of liquor flow because of stricture of aqueduct of mesencephalon – cerebral oedema – protrusion – compression of aqueduct of mesencephalon – cerebral ventricle dilatation – cortex atrophy
Incr liquor prod – liquor stagnation – cerebral oedema – cerebral ventricle dilatation – destruction of brain stem neurons
B
ydrocephalus in adult horse CS
Skull hypertrophy, dumbing, deafness, blindness, mutation of cerebral neurons, strabismus, eyelids-ear dangling, paralysis of tongue
Dumbed countenance, spasms of temporal muscles, strabismus, nystagmus, imbalance, consciousness disorder
Gradually deteriorate cortical outages, disorder of feeding and drinking, dumbing, moving disorder, disorder of proprioception
C
Heat stroke in horses
In working horse in vapoured hot summer, languor weakness, tachycardia – pulmonary oedema – cerebral oedema, 41-430
Horse kept in warm stable, strong sweating, languor, excitement of vasomotoric centrum, high mortality, high mortality, 39.5-400
Hot summer, colic-like restlessness, later weakness, spasms, loss of consciousness, high mortality, >420
A
Cholesterol granuloma horse
Cholesterol cessation in cerebral ventricles – cerebral ventricle dilatation – pressure atrophy of cortex
Granuloma formation of cerebral ventricles – liquor circulatory disorder – hydrocephalus
Brain stem granulomatosis – lesion of nucleus of V, Vii, IX cerebral neurons, strabismus, face paralysis, pharynx paralysis
B
Narcolepsia, cataplexia in horse
Appears in attacks, falling asleep voluntarily, gradually deteriorate attacks until collapse, clonic convulsions, coma – death
Sleepiness/collapse, senseless status, generalized atonia, areflexia
Hereditary, nervous system complient, temporal loss of consciousness, behaviour disorder in the breaks of the attacks, irritability
B
Rabies etiology and pathogenesis
Arbovirus, bites from rabid dogs, stabled horse, haematogenous virus prop, penetration into cerebrum only in case of immune def
Virus inf from bites of rabid dogs, virus prop along nerves, replication in synapses, encephalomyelitis
Lentivirus, nucleate encephalomyelitis, prop by bites of rabid foxes, penetration through a wound, penetration by lymph vessels
B
RABIES CS;
Within 1-3d after inf, behaviour disorder, anorexia, involuntary movement, high fever, loss of consciousness, spasms, death within 1-2d
1-3d after inf, langor, weakness, paralysis of cerebral nerves, gradually deteriorating status, 3-4w disease progression
Astrus like behaviour or emergence of penis, colic like restlessness, disorder of feed, water uptake, salivation, spasms, seizures, consciousness disorder, usually 2- 6d lethal ending disease progression
C
Malformation and malarticulation of cervical vertebrae CS
Locomotion disorder in 1⁄2 - 3y old foals, often HLs, ataxia, paresis, cervical pain, appearing suddenly, deteriorative, then stabilized process
Imbalance esp in racehorses, stumbling, dangling head, painful when moving neck, paraparesis, slowly deteriorative progression
Painful neck in 6m old English thoroughbred foals, dangling neck and head, later deterioration locomotion disorder, rotary motion, intermittent lameness, feeling wobbly, then tetraparesis
A
Malformation and malarticulation of cervical vertebrae diagnosis
Cervical x-ray in extended and flexed position, myelography
Liquor sampling, CT exam
Myelography, CT exam
A
Myeloencephalomalacia caused by Herpesvirus
-Serious resp symptoms, after 6-8d NS CS, convulsions, paralysis of cranial nerves and skeletal muscles
-Pneumonia, after 3-4w paraparesis, paresthesia in gluteal region, paralysis of caudal/anal muscles, limbs, unconsciousness in more serious cases
-Resp symptoms, paraparesis, ataxia, sitting dog position, recumbency
C
Myeloencephalomalacia caused by Herpesvirus
Horses previously immunized never show CNS CS
CNS CS are usually detected in young 1-2y old horses, most cases fatal
CNS CS usually appear after resp CS and at the same time with epidemic abortion in
the herd
c
Therapy of myeloencephalomalacia caused by Herpesvirus
Diuretics, NSAIDs, manual removing of urine and feces if necessary, lifting cradle
Manual removing of urine and feces if necessary, lifting cradle, ABs, penicillins,
vitamin C
NSAIDs, DMSO infusion, manual removing of urine and feces if necessary, lifting cradle
C
Borna disease
ssRNA virus inf – slow degeneration of neurons – meningoencephalomyelitis, abnormal behavious, apathy, ataxia, compulsive movements, course takes 2-6w, fatal disease
Herpesvirus inf – encephalomyelitis, paralysis, convulsions, “pushing syndrome”, slow course leading to death
Arbovirus infection – perineural spreading to CNS – encephalomyelitis, confusion, apathy, convulsions, ataxia, compulsive movement, course takes 2-6w, fatal disease
A
Bacterial meningitis horse
Caused by septicaemia in foals, atypic symptoms, aggressive behaviour, paraparesis – paraplegia, fast progression of CNS symptoms
Septicaemia in foals, abnormal behaviour and movement, paraesthesia, disorder of cranial nerve, recumbency – death
In adult, atypic symptoms, general spastic paresis, normal consciousness
B
Bacterial meningitis tx
Trimethoprim, sulphonamides, amoxicillin, ketaprofen
K-penicillin, gentamicin, enrofloxacin
Ampicillin, tylosin, virginiamycin
A
Equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELE)
Mycotoxin uptake from rotten silage – encephalomalacia – convulsions, laryngoparesis
Hepatic failure – toxins to brain – encephalomalacia – usually confusion, dementia, coma
Food infected by moulds – fumonisin B1 toxins, encephalomalacia – dysphagia, dyskinesis – recumbency
C
Botulism in horse
Animal corpse, rotten food, infected wounds – botulotoxin – weakness, paralysis, laryngoparalysis, mydriasis, normal consciousness, recumbency
Animal corpse, rotten food, infected wounds – botulotoxin – encephalomalacia – confusion, general weakness and paralysis – recumbency
Botulotoxin uptake with contaminated food – encephalomalacia and hepatosis – jaundice, confusion, dysphagia – death in 7d
A
Tetanic convulsions of mare
Decr blood Ca, because of malnutrition of endocrine malfunction. Around parturition, epileptiform convulsions with consciousness.
Epileptiform convulsions in mares, around estrus on genetic base ?
In sensitive thoroughbred mare, mainly after races. Some minute-long convulsions because of the decr of blood Ca
A
Tetanus CS
Flag like tail, muscular rigidity, ptosis, lock jaw, salivation
Heperreflexia, muscular rigidity, general muscular rigidity (esp ear, tail), lock jaw
Hyperreflexia, rigidity of the neck, confusion, contorted facial expression
B
Tetanus outcome
In treated cases recover after 4-5d
Course takes 10-14d, outcome adverse
Short course – death in days, if 10-12d survival – possible to recover
C
Tetanus tx
Provide suitable place, diazepam, treat the wound, liquid nutrient supplement, muscle relaxants
Major tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, infusions, serum therapy, drinking from the ground, provide good hay, walking twice a day
Xylazine, narcotics, microlaxants , provide suitable place, infusions, ABs, easily chewable feed
A
Unilateral facial nerve paralysis in horse
Floppy ear, palpebral paralysis, face deform on the sick side, trismus
Deformed face, floppy ears, ptosis, paralytic nose and lips
Nose, lips hanging flagily, horse cannot close its mouth, tongue hangs out
B
Neuritis caudae equinae
Spastic paralytic flagging tail, skin hyperaesthesia near tail, closing m of rectum shrinking crampingly
Muscles of tail shrinking crampingly, strong skin pain around tail, difficult to defecate and urinate
Anaesthesia by anus, hyperaesthesia, tail paralysis, rectuparalysis
D
Neuritis caudae equinae
Another name is polyneuritis equi and degenerative disease of peripheral nerve system
Another name is equine motor neuron disease and is caued by def in vit E
Polyneuritis and equine motor neuron disease are caused by peripheral nerve system and the def of vit E
A
Equine motor neuron disease/cause
Selenium toxicity
Vitamin E deficiency
Vitamin B1 deficiency
Unidentified clostridium strain
B
Dysphagia/causes/horse
Disorders of the V, VII, IX, X, XII cranial nerves
Disorders of the V, VI, IX, X, XI cranial nerves
Disorders of the IV, IX, XII cranial nerves
Disorders of the III, VII, X, XI, XII cranial nerves
A
Tongue paralysis of horses/causes?
Paralysis of the n. vagus, strangles
Rabies, botulism, equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELE)
Rabies, narcolepsy, rhinopneumonitis
Polyneuritis equi, equine dyautonemia (grass sickness), n. accessories paralysis
B
Grass sickness/horse/characteristics?
Draft horses on pasture, myopathy
Young horses on pasture, myopathy
Older horses on pasture, dermatologic disease
Young horses on pasture, neurologic disease
D
Definitive diagnosis of equine leukoencephalomalacia
Elevated liver and kidney parameters
Feed analysis and histopathology (brain, liver)
Clinical signs are definitive
Elevated liver parameters and glucosuria
B
Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)/prognosis and treatment:
Sulphonamides, antibiotics might help in early stage
Always fatal outcome, affected animals should be slaughtered
Only symptomatic treatment is possible, sometimes improvement might occur
Only symptomatic treatment is possible, with poor prognosis
A
Botulism Aetiology Horse
Cl. botulinum + botulinum toxin contaminated carrion remnant in the feed e.g. rotten silage, exceptionally Cl. botulinum infected wounds or gastrointestinal tract
Cl. botulinum -> per os uptake of bacterium contaminated carrion in the feed or rotten silage -> Cl. botulinum septicaemia
Spreading of Cl. botulinum in anaerobe wounds; exceptionally per os uptake of botulinum toxin contaminated carrion remnants with the feed
Spreading of Cl. botulisnum in the gut, bacteraemia
A
Herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy clinical signs/horse
Epileptiform convulsions, cranial nerve paralysis, then severe resp. signs within 6-8 days
Pneumonia, followed by facial and trigeminal paralysis within 3-4 weeks, unconscious
Asymmetric gluteal muscle atrophy
Resp. signs, followed by paraparesis, ataxia, dog sitting position, recumbency
D
Polyneuritis/aetiology/horse?
EHV-2, adenovirus, Rhodococcus equi
EHV-1 adenovirus, Streptococcus
EHV-1, fumonizin, Actinobacillus equuli
Clostritidium botulinum C
B
Definitive diagnosis of equine leukoencephalomalacia?
Elevated liver and kidney parameters
Feed analysis and histopathology (brain, liver)
Clinical signs are definitive
Elevated liver parameters and glucosuria
B
Equine Leukoencephalomalacia
Equine Leukoencephalomalacia
Cause: fumonisin B1
Diagnosis:
Feed examination
Necropsy: brain, liver
Botulism
Aetiology:
Botulin toxin (Cl. botulinum)
Carcass, rotten feed, wound infection
Neurologic signs appear 6 to 10 days after infection by the intranasal route
The onset of these signs may be preceded or accompanied by upper respiratory
signs, fever and inappetence
Acute (or peracute) onset of ataxia and paresis are characteristic signs
What are the causes of pyrrolizidine-toxicosis in horses?
Senecio, Crotalaria-sp.
Insecticides with organophosphates
Anti-parasitic agents containing pyrrolizidine
Accumulation of toxic metabolites in hepatic fibrosis
A
Chronic Hepatitis and Cirrhosis
- Occurrence:
Sporadic, enzootic (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) - ragwort
Crotalia, Senecio, Heliotropism (alkaloids!)
Chronic or acute intake of 4-5% BW
Which disease is abbreviated with ELE(M) and what is its cause?
Equine leukoencephalomyelitis, togavirus
Equine leukoencephalomalacia, fumonisin-B1 toxin
Equine lekoencepahlomacia and myelosis, satratoxin
Equine lymphocytic encephalitis viral infection
B
Cerebral commotion in horses/treatment?
General anaesthesia
DMSO infusion
0.45% NaCl solution
Pentoxiphylline
B
Decrease secondary oedema
Glucocorticoids
DMSO (10% in 5% dextrose)
40% dextrose
?
Causes and features of Tyzzer-disease in horses?
Listeria monocytogenes-caused meningoenphalitis
Actinobacillus equulis infection, septicaemia in foals
Clostridium piliforme acute hepatitis in foals
Clostridium botulinum, hepatocencephalopathy in foals
C
Neurophysiologic background of botulism?
Paralysis of the striated muscles due to inhibited released of GABA at the presynaptic motor nerve endings
Paralysis of the striated muscles due to inhibited release of acetylcholine at the presynaptic motor nerve endings
General muscular paralysis due to inhibited release of acetylcholine at the presynaptic motor nerve endings
Paralysis of striated muscles due to inhibited release of GABA at postsynaptic motor n. endings
C
Features of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy?
Horses previously immunised never show CNS signs
CNS signs usually appear in 1-2 years old, before respiratory signs, and in most cases
are fatal
CNS signs usually appear in adult horses after the respiratory signs
Horses with herpes myeloencephalopathy have grave prognosis
C
Cerebral commotion in horses/consequences?
Long-lasting loss of consciousness, recumbency, convulsions
Temporary loss of consciousness, disorders of locomotion
Recumbency, bleeding from the nostrils and from the ears
Bilateral facial paralysis
C
SIGNS:
Cerebral lesions - immediate consequences
Haematoma - prolonged consequences
Loss of consciousness - sudden death
Focal signs - paralysis, abnormal posture, and gait
Epistasis, bleeding from ears
Vestibular signs - head tilt, nystagmus, strabismus
Facial paralysis/aetiology/horse?
Guttural pouch mycosis, otitis media
Basilar skull fracture, hydrocephalus
Stachybotriotoxicosis, wobbler syndrome
Fracture of the basisphenoid bone, leukoencephalomyelitis
A
Characteristics of equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELE)?
Mycotoxin uptake from rotten silage -> encephalomalacia -> convulsion, laryngoparalysis
Hepatic failure -> toxins into the brain -> encephalomalacia -> usually confusion, dementia, coma
Food contaminated with moulds -> fumonisn-B1 toxin: encephalomalacia -> dysphagia, dyskinesis -> recumbency
Pirrolizidine toxicosis -> encephalomalacia -> dementia
C
