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Histology Exam 2 > Epithelial > Flashcards

Epithelial Flashcards

0
Q

What are cells?

A

Basic building block of tissues

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1
Q

What is the hierarchy of organization of cells?

A

Cells then Tissue then Organ then Organ system

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2
Q

What is tissue?

A

A group of closely associated cells that are similar in structure and perform related functions

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3
Q

What are the types of tissue?

A

4 types. Muscle, connective, epithelial, and nervous

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4
Q

What is an organ?

A

A structure with a particular function that is made up of ALL 4 tissue types

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5
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs related in function (for example the gastrointestinal system)

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6
Q

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

A

Covering/Protecting

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7
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Support and connections

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8
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

movement

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9
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

regulation and control

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10
Q

What does epithelium typically line?

A

Covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

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11
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

Covers the external surfaces of body

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12
Q

What type of epithelium covers the external surfaces of the body?

A

Ectoderm

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13
Q

What is the mesothelium?

A

Lines the internal cavities of the body (e.g. pleural, peritoneal, and peroneal surfaces)

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14
Q

What type of epithelium lines the internal cavities of the body?

A

The mesothelium

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15
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

Lines tubes (vascular and lymphatic vessels)

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16
Q

What type of epithelium lines tubes?

A

Endothelium

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17
Q

What are epithelial organs called?

A

Glands

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18
Q

What are the two types of glands? Differences?

A

Exocrine (ducted) and endocrine (ductless)

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19
Q

What epithelial glands are ducted?

A

Exocrine

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20
Q

What epithelial glands are ductless?

A

Endocrine

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21
Q

What are the 3 major functions of epithelium?

A

Protection, border tissue, glandular secretions

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22
Q

Border tissue has what three functions?

A

absorption, secretion, ion transport

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23
Q

Glandular secretions have what function?

A

Lubrication

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24
Q

Special functions of epithelium are?

A

Sperm and eggs are derived from epithelium

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25
Q

The space that epithelium lines is called?

A

The lumen

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26
Q

What separates epithelial cells from connective tissue?

A

The basement membrane

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27
Q

What are the two major regions/portions of epithelial cells?

A

Apical and basement

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28
Q

Describe the separation of epithelial cells

A

Very packed. Minimal extra-cellular space

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29
Q

What sort of specialized contacts do epithelial cells have?

A

Structural and adhesive (tight/adherens junctions) and functional (gap junctions)

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30
Q

What is the polarity of epithelial cells?

A

Regions are specialized into apical and basal surfaces. I.e. ER is in basal region and vacuoles are in apical region

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31
Q

T or F: Epithelial cells are non-vascular

A

T

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32
Q

How do epithelial cells receive nutrients?

A

Diffusion from capillaries

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33
Q

T or F: Capillaries transverse the basement membrane to provide nutrients to epithelia?

A

F (doesnt cross)

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34
Q

What are the regenerative capacities of epithelial cells?

A

Lost cells are very quickly replaced by cell division

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35
Q

T or F: Nerve endings cross the basement membrane into epithelial tissue

A

F (separated by basement membrane)

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36
Q

What are the two possible apical features of epithelium?

A

Microvilli and Cilia

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37
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane

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38
Q

Where are microvilli typically located and what are their functions?

A

Abundant in epithelium of small intestine and kidney. Increase the surface area across which small molecules enter

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39
Q

What are cilia?

A

Highly motile extensions of apical surface membrane

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40
Q

What is an axoneme?

A

A set of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement that allows cilia motor function

41
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Coordinated movement to move surface fluids toward the lumen

42
Q

What are the 6 characteristics to look for in regards to epithelium?

A

Proximity to lumen, presence of basement membrane, closely packed cells, polarity, non-vascular, and sometimes presence of microvilli/cilia

43
Q

What are the two types of epithelial layers?

A

Simple - single layer of cells

Stratified - more than one layer of cells

44
Q

What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?

A

Squamous - cells are wider than tall (plate like)
Cuboidal - cells are tall as they are wide like cubes
Columnar - cells are taller than they are wide, like columns

45
Q

What two characteristics are used to define epithelial tissue?

A

Number of layers and shape of cells

46
Q

What is the function of simple, squamous epithelium?

A

Passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration

47
Q

Where are simple squamous epithelium tissues found?

A

Aveloi of lungs and lining of blood and lymphatic vessels (capillaries covering are termed endothelium)

48
Q

What type of epithelium covers lymph, blood vessel, and lung aveoli?

A

Simple squamous

49
Q

T or F: Simple squamous tissue is one cell thick

A

T

50
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal cells?

A

Secretion and/or absorption

51
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium are found where?

A

Kidney tubules, secretory portions of glands

52
Q

What organelles are common in simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Lots of mitochondria to provide energy for pumping function

53
Q

Kidney tubules and secretory portions of glands are covered in what type of epithelium?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

54
Q

T or F: Simple columnar typically have microvilli or cilia at their apical surface

A

T

55
Q

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Absorption. Secretion of mucous, enzymes. Cilia propels mucous in oviduct

56
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelium found?

A

Most of GI and uterus

57
Q

GI and uterus are covered in what type of epithelium?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

58
Q

The epididymis is covered in what type of epithelial?

A

Simple columnar

59
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Superficial cells are squamous in shape ad deep cells appear to be cuboidal or columnar. Thickest epithelial tissue to adapt for protection from abrasion

60
Q

What is the thickest type of epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous

61
Q

What is the basal to apical characteristic of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Columnar or cuboidal at deepest layer and becomes squamous on the superficial layer

62
Q

What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Keratinized or non-keratinized

63
Q

Keratinized tissue are morphologically distinct from non-keratinized tissue because?

A

Keratinized tissue outer cells lose nuclei and organelles. Non-keratinized have organelles and nuclei in outer layer of cells

64
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found where?

A

Skin (dry)

65
Q

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found where?

A

Oral cavity, esophagus, vagina

66
Q

T or F: Stratified cuboidal epithelium is more robust than squamous stratified epithelium

A

T

67
Q

What is the morphology of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

Double layer of cube like cells

68
Q

What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

Protection of glandular surfaces

69
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found in the body?

A

Ducts of sweat, mammary, and salivary glands

70
Q

Describe stratified columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of column like cells o top of a layer of polyhedral/cuboidal like cells.

VERY UNCOMMON

71
Q

What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Transitional

72
Q

Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

Transition between stratified squamous and simple columar. Conjunctiva of eye. Certain large excretory ducts. Male urethra (parts).

73
Q

Describe transitional epithelium

A

Several layers of cells. Shape varies with distention of tissue. Superficial cells are DOME SHAPED and may be binucleated

74
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

Accommodate distention of muscular wall and secretion of protective glycoproteins

75
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

Bladder

76
Q

Describe pseudostratified epithelium

A

Nuclei at varied heights within the cell. Gives a false impression of stratification. Most have cilia and microvilli on apical surface. All cells touch the basement membrane, but only some reach the lumen.

77
Q

Pseudostratifed epithelium serves what function?

A

Protection, secretion of mucous, and movement of mucus by cilia

78
Q

Where is pseduostratified epithelium found?

A

Upper respiratory tract, kidney tubules, and secretory portions of glands

79
Q

In addition to covering body surfaces and lining body cavities, what does epithelium additionally form?

A

Parenchyma of glands

80
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

Functional (secretory) portion of a gland (e.g. nephrons in kidneys)

81
Q

What is stroma?

A

Structural tissue in glands

82
Q

What are the three steps in the development of glands?

A

Epithelium thickens. Epithelial cord penetrates connective tissue. Invagination either remains patent (exocrine) or closes off (endocrine)

83
Q

What is the function of exocrine glands?

A

Ducts carry products of exocrine glands to the epithelial surface

84
Q

Give examples of exocrine glands

A

sweat and sebaceous glands of skin. mucous secreting glands of digestive system like salivary glands and liver and pancreas glands (bile duct).

85
Q

What is the function of endocrine glands?

A

Ductless glands comprised of epithelial tissue that dump their substances directly into bloodstream (i.e. to EC space)

86
Q

Give examples of endocrine glands

A

Adrenal, thyroid, pancreatic islets

87
Q

Endocrine glands produce what kind of molecules?

A

Hormones

88
Q

What are the two types of exocrine glands?

A

Single cell and multi-cell

89
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Single cell exocrine glands in the GI and respiratory tract. Do not stain in h&E

90
Q

What are the branching patterns of the ducts in exocrine glands?

A

Simple (unbranched) or compound (branched)

91
Q

What are the two shapes of secretory units in exocrine glands?

A

Tubular or acinar (grabes on a vine). Also tubloacinar which is a mix.

92
Q

What are the two types of secretory product of exocrine glands?

A

Mucous (thick) versus Serous (watery)

93
Q

What does serous product of exocrine glands contain?

A

Digestive enzymes and stains DARK in H&E

94
Q

What is mucous from exocrine secretory glands comprised of?

A

Usually light on an H&E stain and carbohydrate rich (PAS stain?).

95
Q

T or F: Serous and mucus fluid from exocrine glands are usually in separate acini?

A

T, but not always

96
Q

What are the three modes of glandular secretion?

A

Eccrine, apocrine, and holocrine

97
Q

What is eccrine glandular secretion?

A

Also called merocrine and only the secretory product is released

98
Q

What is apocrine glandular secretion?

A

Some cytoplasm is released along with the secretory product (sloughed off)

99
Q

What is holocrine glandular secretion?

A

Entire cell is secreted and is disintegrated

Histology Exam 2 (7 decks)

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