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Histology Exam 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

0
Q

What are the major components of blood?

A

Formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets); plasma; and fibrin fibers if clotting

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1
Q

How much blood do we have (about)?

A

5L

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2
Q

What is a hematocrit?

A

Spun down blood sample to separate by weight (plasma on top, then the buffy coat (platelets and leukocytes), the erythrocytes

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3
Q

What percentage of blood is platelet/leukocyte?

A

1%

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4
Q

What percentage of blood is erythrocytes?

A

45-50%

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5
Q

What percent of blood is plasma?

A

50-55%

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6
Q

What is albumin?

A

60 kDa protein from liver that maintains osmotic pressure of blood (edema if lacking)

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7
Q

What are globulins?

A

80-1000 kDa in size. Alpha and Beta are made in liver and transport. Gamma is made from plasma cells and functions to antibodies of immune defence

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8
Q

What are clotting factors?

A

E.g. fibrinogen and prothrombin, varied in size, from liver, important in the formation of fibrin threads (fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin, thrombin comes from prothrombin)

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9
Q

Complement proteins in plasma are?

A

C1-C9 and vary in size from the liver. function to destroy microorganisms and initiate inflammation

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10
Q

What are the three plasma lipoproteins?

A

CM, VLDL, and LDL. Intestinal epithelial cells, Liver, Liver. 100-500 microns, 25-70 nm, 300 kDa. Transport TAG to liver. Transport TAG from liver to tissue. Transport cholesterol from liver to tissue

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11
Q

What is the structure of erythrocytes?

A

7.5 microns in diameter, anucleate, and biconcave. No organelles. Filled with hemoglobin.

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12
Q

What is the erythrocyte concentration for men? For women?

A

5 million per microliter, 4.5 million per microliter

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13
Q

What is the lifespan of RBC?

A

120 days.

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14
Q

How are RBC removed?

A

Removed by macrophages in spleen, bone marrow, and liver

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15
Q

What does RBC do?

A

Transport O2 and CO2

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16
Q

What do RBC stain?

A

Slight pink due to eosin in H&E. Lighter in the middle due to biconcave nature.

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17
Q

What is glycophorin?

A

An important anchor which is highly gylcosylated giving the outer shell of the RBC a negative charge. Makes them hydrophilic and repulses RBC from one another

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18
Q

What proteins are responsible for the RBC shape?

A

Actin and spectrin

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19
Q

T or F: RBC are metabolically active

A

T; glycolysis

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20
Q

T or F: RBC are very flexible

A

T; capillaries

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21
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

Immature RBC making up 1-2% of RBC. Still contain residual ribosomes and other organelles. Have a lower level of Hb than mature RBC. Continue to mature in circulation. These stain a mix of color, escaped from bone marrow before being fully matured

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22
Q

Hemoglobin and O2 make?

A

Oxyhemoglobin (bright red)

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23
Q

Hemoglobin and CO2 make?

A

Carbaminohemoglobin (dark red). Leads to cyanosis

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24
Q

Hemoglobin and CO make?

A

Carboxyhemoglobin. Irreversible. Cherry red.

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25
Q

What are the two types of anemia?

A 
Hypochromic anemia (iron deficiency and blood loss)
Normochromic anemia (sickle cell disease and hereditary spherocytosis)
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26
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

A

Mishappen RBC due to mutation in Hb, inefficient and inflexible

27
Q

What is hereditary spherocytosis?

A

Mutation in cytoskeleton (frequently spectrin). Makes it very fragile. Sphere shape (no light middle section)

28
Q

What is polycythemia (erythrocytosis)?

A

Too many RBC. Altitude and disease can cause this. Increases viscosity which may prevent flow through capillary

29
Q

What are the two types of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

30
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophilic, eosinophilic, basophilic (granules stain differently depending on properties/function)

31
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes and Lymphocytes

32
Q

Neutrophils (cell type, number/uL, % of WBC)

A

Granulocyte, 3500-7000, 60-70%

33
Q

Eosinophil (cell type, number/uL, % of WBC)

A

Granulocyte, 150-400, 2-4%

34
Q

Basophil (cell type, number/uL, % of WBC)

A

Granulocyte, 50-100, <1%

35
Q

Lymphocyte (cell type, number/uL, % of WBC)

A

Agranulocyte, 1500-2500, 20-25%

36
Q

Monocyte (cell type, number/uL, % of WBC)

A

Agranulocyte, 200-800, 3-8%

37
Q

What granules do neutrophils have?

A

Azurophilic (primary), Specific (secondary), Tertiary

38
Q

Esoinophils have what granules?

A

Specific (secondary)

39
Q

Basophils have what granules?

A

Specific (secondary)

40
Q

Azurophilic/Primary granules function?

A

Strain blue/green due to oxidation products of methylene blue. They are lysosomes containing various acid hydrolases

41
Q

Specific/Secondary granules function to?

A

Secreted to external environment. Contain enzymes

42
Q

Tertiary granules function to?

A

Geltinase and cathepsin are in these and may function to break down fibers in the ground substance to help with movement

43
Q

Lactoferrin and Lysozyme are found in?

A

Secondary granules of neutrophils and have bactericidal effect

44
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Attack parasites

45
Q

Basophils are?

A

Very similar to mast cells. Affect blood cell permeability and inflammation by releasing secondary granules of heparin and histamine.

46
Q

Properties of neutrophil

A

60-70% of leukocytes, 12-15 microns in diameter, distinct multilobed segmented nucleus. Has neutrophilic granules.

47
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytose microorganisms

48
Q

What is the Barr body/drumstick appendage?

A

Inactive X chromosome that is apparent in neutrophil nucleus

49
Q

What is a band cell?

A

A non-segmented, still maturing neutrophil. High levels in blood would indicate infection. 0-3% of leukocytes

50
Q

Properties or eosinophils

A

2-4 percent of circulating leukocytes, 12-15 um in diameter. Bilobed nucleus and coarse eosinophilic granules

51
Q

Function of eosinophil

A

Major basic proteins in granules kills parasitic worms

52
Q

Properties of basophils

A

<1% of circulating leukocytes, 12-15 um diameter, mulitlobed nucleus, with basophilic granules containing heparin and histamine

53
Q

Function of basophil

A

Mediate inflammatory responses similar to mast cells. Lead to anaphylaxis in hypersensitive individuals.

54
Q

Properties of monocytes

A

3-8% of leukocytes, 12-20 um in diameter, KIDNEY shaped nucleus. BASOPHILIC cytoplasm

55
Q

Function of monocytes

A

Precursor to the cells of MPS that differentiate into CT macrophages (histiocytes?)

56
Q

Properties of lymphocytes

A

20-25% of leukocytes, small 6-8 um and large 12-18 um. Round or slightly intented nucleus rich in heterochromatin. Dormant cells with very condensed nucleus

57
Q

Three functional categories of lymphocytes

A 
B lymphocytes (B cells) plasma cells
T lymphocytes (T cells) Cytoxic, Helper, Supressor cells
Null cells, circulating stem cells and natural killer cells
58
Q

Properties of platelets/thrombocytes?

A

0.2-0.4 million per uL. Saucer like. 2-4 um in diameter. Hyalomere-clear peripheral region
Granulomere-Darkly stained central region

59
Q

What is the function of Platelets/Thrombocytes

A

Function in blood coagulation

60
Q

What is the canalicular system of platelets?

A

A protein that connects the interior of the cell to the EC space

61
Q

What is the function of the dense tubular system in platelets?

A

Involved in Ca+2 sequestration (like sarcoplasmic reticulum), contractile

62
Q

Alpha granules in platelets contain?

A

Fibrinogen and PDGF (platelet derived growth factor)

63
Q

Delta granules of platelets contain?

A

Dense bodies with serotonin and ADP (ADP attracts other platelets)

64
Q

Lamba granules in platelets contain?

A

Lysosomes containing acid hydrolyses to break down the blood clot

Histology Exam 2 (7 decks)

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