Epilepsy

Question 1

The neurons thought to be responsible to the symptoms of epilepsy are _. Where are they located?

Answer 1

large pyramidal neurons

Layers 3 and 5

Question 2

EEGs record the summation of what excitatory and inhibitory activity?

Answer 2

EPSCs and IPSCs

Question 3

Excitatory EPSCs and Inhibitory IPSCs are mediated by which ions, respectively?

Answer 3

Sodium and Chloride

Question 4

Information within the hippocampus flows from _ [dentate, parahippocampus, hippocampus, subiculum]

Answer 4

D-H-S-P

Question 5

Within the hippocampa circuitry, the Dentate granule cell, the CA1 and CA3 neurons are similar because _

Answer 5

They each have an inhibitory interneurons (GABA-A receptors)

Question 6

Thalamo-cortical inputs are inhibited by _ using what type of receptor? This leaves them “primed” for bursting

Answer 6

Intralaminar thalamic neurons

GABA -B

Question 7

Alpha rhythms are characterist of _

Answer 7

The awake state

Question 8

Vertex sharp waves are characteristic of _

Answer 8

N1 sleep stage

Question 9

Sleep spindles, K-complexes, positive occipital sharp transients (POST) are characteristic of _

Answer 9

N2 sleep stage

Question 10

Slow wave sleep is assoc. with _

Answer 10

N3

Question 11

Low voltage EEG, no muscle tone, REMs and saw tooth wave are assoc. with _

Answer 11

REM stage

Question 12

A focal slowing on the EEG is associated with _

Answer 12

Cortex dysfunction

Question 13

A generalized slowing on the EEG is associated with _

Answer 13

Extracortical dysfunction e.g. Thalamus, RAS

Question 14

Paroxsysmal activity is can be focal or generalized. It is indicative of _

Answer 14

Seizure activity

Question 15

Interictal focal EEG refers to _

Answer 15

Non-seizure causing, focal depolarization of a group of neurons

Question 16

2 general lassifications of seizures are general and partial. Absence and complex fall under which categories?

Answer 16

Absence - General

Complex - Partial

Question 17

What is the dormant basket cell hypothesis? What can cause this? This is a model for _

Answer 17

That the dentate granule cell, the CA3 and CA1 neurons lose their inhibition. External injury
Complex seizure

Question 18

What us the mossy fiber sprouting hypothesis? What can cause this? This is a model for _

Answer 18

The dentate granule cell, the CA3 and CA1 neurons sprout mossy fibers back on themselves, causing excitiation. External injury
Complex seizure

Question 19

Concious but unaware, assymetical movement, aphasia are associated with what type of seizure?

Answer 19

Complex partial seizure

Question 20

A hyperexcitable cotico-thalamic loop, and hyperventilation is associated with _. Is this usually genetic or acquired?

Answer 20

Absence seizure

Genetic

Question 21

Which type of seizure is longer 30-120 seconds, vs 5-15

Answer 21

Complex partial seizure

Question 22

Generalized 3hz spike waves is associated with _

Answer 22

Absence seizure

Question 23

Focal, rhythmic sharp activity is associated with _

Answer 23

Complex seizures

Question 24

To treat generalized seizures, you’d want to prevent the hyperpolarization of intralaminar thalamic neurons. This is accomplished with _

Answer 24

Calcium antagonists

Question 25

In partial seizures, you can inhibit excitation, or promote inhibition usuing _ and _ respectively

Answer 25

NMDA antagonists

GABA-A agonists