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Gene regulation > Epigenetic gene regulation > Flashcards

Epigenetic gene regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Theories as to why genomic imprinting exists?

A

Genetic conflict, Dosage compensation, placental development, prevention of parthenogenesis

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2
Q

What is genetic conflict?

A

Maternal and paternal genome seem to compete for maternal resources

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3
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

Asexual reproduction where a female can produce a fertilised egg

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4
Q

What are generally the function of imprinted genes?

A

Foetal growth regulation, metabolism regulation and behavioural regulation

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5
Q

What is maternal foetal interaction?

A

Imprinted genes in the baby produce products that alter maternal resource allocation

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6
Q

Examples of outcomes of maternal foetal interaction?

A

Altered transport capacity of placenta

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7
Q

How does a foetus signal to the mother?

A

Producing fetal/placental hormones that modify the mothers metabolism

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8
Q

Effect on mothers of a mutation in Peg3 gene?

A

Poor mother–> it is the “maternal care gene” mothers wont make nests, are indifferent to offspring. It also affects milk release in mice

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9
Q

What is BAT?

A

Brown adipose tissue

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10
Q

What is the haig hypothesis?

A

Mothers know that the offspring that they are carrying is theirs, but fathers arent sure if the offspring is theirs-> paternal genes are there to compete against other paternal genes to ensure that their foetus grows faster and outcompetes other potential offspring–> promotes taking of maternal resources. Mother thinks ab future pregnancies and so doesn’t want to use all materna resources

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11
Q

Issue with haig parental conflict hypothesis?

A

Little proof

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12
Q

Coadaptation theory of imprinting?

A

Imprinted genes act co-adaptively to optimize foetal development as well as optimising maternal provisioning and nurturing.–> paternally expressed genes are expressed in both the placenta and the hypothalamus

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13
Q

Role of paternally expressed genes in haig parental conflict hypothesis?

A

Growth promoting

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14
Q

Role of maternally expressed genes in haig parental conflict hypothesis?

A

Growth inhibiting

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15
Q

Lighter coloured square in a TAG meaning?

A

Lower frequency of interaction between those two regions

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16
Q

Overall, what does H19 regulate?

A

Growth restriction

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17
Q

Three overall classes of things that are needed for epigenetic mechanisms to work properly?

A

Writers, readers, erasers

18
Q

What is an epigenetic writer?

A

Enzyme that establishes the epigenetic mark

19
Q

What is an epigenetic reader?

A

The molecules that respond to the epigenetic marks

20
Q

What is an epigenetic eraser?

A

Things that can remove epigenetic marks

21
Q

What are writers for DNA methylation?

A

DMNTs and TET enzymes

22
Q

What are writers for histone acetylation?

A

HATs (histone acetyl transferases)

23
Q

What are the erasers for histone deacetylation?

A

HDACs (histone deacetylases)

24
Q

Effect of acetylating histones?

A

Opens chromatin conformation, more easy for DNA to be bound to

25
Q

Effect of deacetylasing histones?

A

More closed chromatin conformation–> DNA is harder to access

26
Q

How does noncoding RNA help with histone acetylation?

A

Acts as a scaffold

27
Q

Where do HDACs and HATs bind?

A

Histones

28
Q

What are HDACs and HATs recruited by?

A

TFs, noncoding RNAs

29
Q

What are readers of histone acetylation called?

A

Bromodomain proteins (BRD)

30
Q

What do BRDs promote the assembly of?

A

Transcriptional complexes

31
Q

What can BRDS recruit?

A

Components involved in growth (+ve or -ve)

32
Q

What is the usual effect of DNA methylation on TFs?

A

DNA methylation usually repels TFs

33
Q

What are methyl binding proteins (MBD proteins)?

A

Proteins that can bind to methylated DNA and act as a suppressive protein

34
Q

Effect of MBDs?

A

They can prevent the TF from binding instead of the methylation

35
Q

How do MBDs prevent TFs from binding?

A

MBD can occupy the promoter region

36
Q

What kind of protein is MeCP2?

A

MBD

37
Q

What can MeCP2 do other than bind methylated DNA?

A

Recruits silencing factors (e.g. histone deacetylases, chromatin remodelers), act as a splicing regulatory regions

38
Q

Effect of MeCP2 binding to methylated exon?

A

Exon is included in the mature mRNA when it otherwise wouldn’t have been

39
Q

Which chromosome is the MeCP2 gene on?

A

X

40
Q

What disease does MeCP2 gene mutations cause?

A

Rett Syndrome

41
Q

Why is epigenetic a good target for medicines?

A

Dont need to go into the genome, just tweak how it is being used

Gene regulation (12 decks)

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