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Gene regulation > Genomic imprinting > Flashcards

Genomic imprinting Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cell do stem cells first differentiate into?

A

Progenitor cells

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2
Q

How are specific genes activated in specific cell types and not in others?

A

Transcription factors

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3
Q

Which type of cells have a haploid genome?

A

Sperm and egg (germ cells)

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4
Q

What type of cell is formed when two haploid cells fuse?

A

Diploid cells

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5
Q

How are haploid cells created from diploid cells?

A

The diploid cells divide by meiosis

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6
Q

Advantages of having two sets of genes?

A

Genetic diversity and a backup set

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7
Q

What did the cloning frogs experiment show?A

A

Each cell has the genetic information necessary to encode for a whole organism

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8
Q

What is the name for a cell containing two male prouclei?

A

Androgenetic

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9
Q

What is the name for a cell containing two female pronuclei?

A

Gynogenetic

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10
Q

What is a parthenogenetic embryo?

A

One oocyte that doubles its haploid genome to become diploid

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11
Q

Where can parthenogenesis occur?

A

Reptiles

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12
Q

What happens if two female pronuclei fuse instead of a male and a female?

A

No extra-embryonic tissue is formed

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13
Q

What happens if two male pronuclei fuse instead of a male and a female?

A

An excessive amount of extra-embryonic tissue and no embryonic tissue

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14
Q

What can maternal genes not form?

A

A placenta

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15
Q

What can paternal genes not form?

A

An embryo

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16
Q

What are hydatidiform moles?

A

Growths that occur in the ovum that occur instead of pregnancy

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17
Q

What causes hydatidiform moles?

A

Empty ovum (all genome is polar bodies and after fertilisation there is only a male contribution) or the ovum is fertilised by two sperm

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18
Q

What causes prader willi/angelman syndrome?

A

A deletion in chromosome 15

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19
Q

What condition comes about as a result of a deletion in the paternal chromosome 15?

A

Prader willi syndrome

20
Q

What condition comes about as a result of a deletion in the maternal chromosome 15?

A

Angelman syndrome

21
Q

Main symptoms of prader willi syndrome?

A

Obesity, metabolic issues

22
Q

Main symptoms of angelman syndrome?

A

Growth retardation, underweight

23
Q

What was observed after knocking a section of chromosome 15 out in male mice?

A

Male and female offspring had prader willi symptoms

24
Q

What was observed after knocking a section of chromosome 15 out in female mice?

A

offspring were carriers

25
Q

What are primordial gem cells?

A

Cells in the embryo that will become that organisms future gametes

26
Q

When are imprints established?

A

After the primordial germ cells have migrated to the genital ridge

27
Q

What are imprinting marks?

A

Methylation marks put on genes in primordial germ cells to help them differentiate into egg cells or sperm cells

28
Q

What is different from imprinted genes to normal methylation on genes?

A

The imprint remains on some genes in the egg and sperm after fertilisation

29
Q

What happens to imprinted genes during the development of the embryo?

A

They are read differently during the development of the embryo

30
Q

In which cells in the embryo are imprinted marks erased?

A

The primordial germ cells

31
Q

Which pronucleus is demethylated first?

A

The male

32
Q

What has happened to the male pronucleus before any cell division has occured?

A

It has rapidly lost its methylation

33
Q

What is responsible for the rapid demethylation of the male pronucleus?

A

TET enzymes

34
Q

What happens to imprinted genes post fertilisation?

A

The imprints are maintained

35
Q

Which type of epigenetic marks can be passed onto the next generation?

A

Imprinted marks

36
Q

When are imprinted genes not resistant to demethylation?

A

Prior to fertilisation

37
Q

What is the state of a gene on the opposite chromosome to the same gene that has been imprinted?

A

It is inactive

38
Q

Why do imprinted genes share regulatory elements?

A

They occur in clusters

39
Q

What is different between the imprinting control regions on different genes?

A

They are differentially methylated (i.e. one allele is methylated while the other isnt)

40
Q

How many genes can an imprinting control region?

A

Multiple

41
Q

What could happen if the imprinting control region at a certain locus is deleted?

A

All the imprinting at that locus may be lost

42
Q

What is different between the two genes in a differentially methylated region?

A

The methylation and thus the chromatin conformation (methylated allele will have a more closed, compacted less accessible chromatin conformation than the unmethylated one)

43
Q

Examples of genomic imprinting disorders?

A

Silver Russell and Beckwith Wiedemann syndromes, neonatal and maternal hypomethylation syndrome

44
Q

What is x inactivation?

A

After fertilisation, when you have two x chromosomes one is inactivated

45
Q

Difference between genomic imprinting and x inactivation?

A

Genomic imprinting is non-random whereas x inactivation is random

Gene regulation (6 decks)

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