Epidermiology Flashcards
Epidemiology is
Study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related state and events in a specific population. Look at the population.
Epidemiology outbreak model:
- Verify the Dx
- Confirm of the outbreak
- Identify the affected persons and characteristics
- Defines and investigates the population at risk
- generating the hypothesis
- containing the outbreak
First one notice the link between environment and health?
What did he notice and record:
Hippocrates
Upstream vs downstream of a river (dirt and bacteria in downstream)
Plague epidemics, 30%-50% of the population died. What was the link with environment?
Plague transmitted through parasite on rat.
William Farr and Jonh Snow initiated what?
Statistical data in England that clear the relationship between death and job. John snow linked cholera with sources of water contaminated
Florence Nightingale works as epidemiology?
Collected data, did polar diagram on crimean war in Turkey cause of dead/disease and each period of time (each month)
Venn diagram component?
Factor that may increase risk grouped:
- Host Caracteristics (genetics profile, age, sexe..)
- Agent Types/ caracteristics (biological/infectious, chemical, physical harm, nutritionnal, psychological)
- Environmental caracteristics (Physical- weather, geographical, Biological-plants, Social-neirbohood,work, home)
Causation
Causation is when the association is confirmed beyond doubt. Statistical cause and effect relationship.
Necessary (stressor present) and sufficient (enough exposure)
Association
= correlation (between 1 and 0)
Web of causation is
helpful to visualize the relationship between many causes related to a heath prob/challenges (Causation is multifactoriel)
Mesurement use in epidemiology:
Rate express in fraction
Crude mortality rate:
total death in a year of a population/ average total population in same year.
Specific mortality rate:
total death in a year of a sub-population/average total pop. in same year.
Infant death rate
total death in a year in a pop./total live birth in same population
Prevalence rate
nb of people with given disease in a given population at one point in time/ total in given population at the same point
Incidence rate
nb of new cases of given disease in population in given time (one year)/ average total pop. in same time
Relative risk
incidence rate of disease in exposed pop.(with risk factor)/incidence of disease in unexposed pop.(without risk factor)
Mortality rates is complete and easy to obtain, what are the measurement possible about mortality?
Cude mortality rate
Specific mortality rate
Proportional mortality rate (Pie chest)
potential years of life lost (eg. HIV, bc in youth people = high potential of life lost)
What are the 2 traditional indicators commonly use to measure and compare a country’s progress in terms of heath status?
- Infant mortality
2. Life expectancy
Maternal mortality why is important?
Eg. of death?
The mother but often baby will also die.
eg.: bleed to death
Survival rates is
the people with disease that live with it.
Case-fatality rate is
How likely a person will die from a disease
Incidence is expressed as:
Number of new cases/ total population
Prevalence is expressed as:
Number of existing cases of disease (new and old)/ total population during same time
