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sem 3: viro > Epidemiology of Viral Diseases > Flashcards

Epidemiology of Viral Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Virus epidemiology is the study of ________

A

Determinants, Dynamics, Distribution, and frequency of viral diseases in populations

(DDDF)

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2
Q

The risk of infection and/or disease in an animal or animal population is determined by:

A
  1. Characteristics of virus
  2. The host and host population
  3. Behavioral, environmental, and ecological factors that affect transmission
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3
Q

What is the role of viral epidemiology?

A
  1. Understand etiology of diseases
  2. Determine factors affecting host susceptibility
  3. Modes of transmission
  4. Impacts of viruses on health, economy, and society
  5. Study non infectious and infectious diseases
  6. Large scale testing of vaccines and drugs
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4
Q

What benefits comes from epidemiology of viruses?

A
  1. Understand nature of diseases
  2. Able to direct treatments, control, and prevention
  3. Early warning signs, able to track disease
  4. Assess social and economic impacts of disease
  5. Assess efficiency and cost of disease control and prevention
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5
Q

What is case fatality rate?

A

of death among clinically sick animals (not among entire population!!!)

Ex: # of sick animals is 25, number of dead animals is 10 (10/25 x 100)

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6
Q

What is mortality rate?

A

of animals in a population that die from a disease over a period of time

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7
Q

What is morbidity rate?

A

of animals in a population that develop CS attributable to a particular virus over time

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8
Q

What is incidence rate?

A

a measure of the occurance of infection or disease in a population over time

Ex: a year or a month

  • helps determines frequency or duration of a disease
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9
Q

What is prevelance?

A

The # of occurances of a disease (OLD AND NEW CASES) in a population at a particular point in time

  • helps determine frequency and duration of a disease
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10
Q

What is a sporadic viral disease?

A

Disease that occurs occasionally, singly, or in scattered instances

or in irregular and haphazard manner

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11
Q

What is an enzootic/endemic viral disease?

A

Constant presence of a viral disease within a given geographic area or population group

Ex: up north, alot of lyme dz bc alot of ticks

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12
Q

What is an epizootic/epidemic viral disease?

A

viral disease that occurs in more cases than expected in a given area or among a specific group

peaks in a disease incidence that exceeds the expected incidence

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13
Q

What is a pandemic / panzootic viral disease?

A

Occurs over a very wide area (several countries or continents)

affects a large proportion of the population

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14
Q

Types of asymptomatic carriers?

A
  1. Incubatory acute carriers
  2. Convalescent chronic carriers
  3. Inapparent carriers
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15
Q

What is an incubatory acute carrier?

A

animal that sheds virus during incubation period of the disease

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16
Q

What is a convalescent chronic carrier?

A

Animal that sheds a virus during recovery of a disease

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17
Q

What is a inapparent carrier?

A

Carrier state may exist in an animal with an infection that is inapparent throughout its course

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18
Q

What is an exotic disease?

A

a disease not known to occur in a particular country or area

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19
Q

________ refers to the time during which an infected animal sheds virus

A

Period of contagiousness

20
Q

What is seroepidemiology?

A

Using serological data as the basis of epidemiological investigation

21
Q

What is molecular epidemiology of viruses?

A

using molecular biological data as a basis of epidemiological investigation

22
Q

Most viruses are transmitted by the _________ route

A

Horizontal/Lateral

23
Q

What is horizontal transmission?

A

Spread of an infectious agent from one person to another

24
Q

Licking, rubbing, sexual contact and biting is an example of ________ transmission

A

Direct contact

25
Q

What is droplet transmission?

A

direct contact transmission by saliva or mucus that travels LESS THAN 1 METER

Ex: sneezing, coughing

** not considered airborne if < 1 meter

26
Q

What is a fomite?

A

Inanimate object contaminated with the virus and is capable of transmission to another individual

27
Q

What is airborne transmission?

A

Indirect-contact transmission

spread of infectious agents by droplet nuclei in dust that travels MORE THAN ONE METER, long distances

28
Q

Vector transmission is also known as ____________

A

Arthropod-borne transmission

29
Q

Mosquitos and other biting insects may serve as a mechanical vectors for _________ virus

A

Fowlpox

30
Q

What is an arbovirus?

A

Virus transmitted to humans by arthropods such a mosquitos and ticks

31
Q

What is an urban cycle?

A

Virus cycles between humans and insect vectors

32
Q

What is a dead end host or incidental host?

A

Infectious agent does not develop sufficient viremia and can’t be transmitted to another host

33
Q

What is a bridge vector?

A

An arthropod that acquires a virus from an infected wild animal and transmits it to the secondary or human host

34
Q

Example of common-vehicle transmission?

A

Fecal oral transmission

Fecal contamination of food and water

Or virus contaminated meat or bone products

35
Q

What is iatrogenic transmission?

A

infection transferred during medical or surgical practice

36
Q

How can iatrogenic transmission occur?

A
  1. Contaminated instruments / body surface
  2. Introduction of a pathogen through contaminated prophylactic or therapeutic preparations
37
Q

________ is also known as hospital acquired infection

A

Nosocomial

38
Q

What is nosocomial transmission?

A

Occurs when an animal is in a vet hospital

Ex: parvovirus in clinic

39
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

From mom to embryo, fetus, or newborn

From milk, colostrum, fecal contamination

40
Q

Viruses that are transmitted by the _______ route have low environmental stability

A

Respiratory

41
Q

Viruses transmitted by _______ route has a high stability

A

Fecal-oral

42
Q

True or False: Enteric viruses have been shown to be more stable in environment than respiratory viruses

A

TRUEEE

43
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When most of the population is vaccinated, it protects the non-vaccinated people

44
Q

What is an amplifying host?

A

Host with high levels of the infectious virus that can be transmitted to another host

45
Q

_________ is when the virus is transmitted between non-wild or domestic animals and the primary insect vectors

A

Epizootic cycle (rural cycle)

46
Q

_______ is natural transmission of viruses between wild animals/birds and primary insect vectors

A

Sylvatic / Jungle/ Enzootic cycle

sem 3: viro (17 decks)

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