epidemiology of periodontal diseases

Question 1

How does a case control study go about?

Answer 1

take histories of a group of interest and compare them with non- interested group and draw conclusions.

Question 2

how do cohort studies go about?

Answer 2

follow a group of interest and non interest over time and compare outcomes

Question 3

how do randomized controlled trials go about?

Answer 3

take patients and randomly put the in groups. Give one group a treatement while the others not. Then follow up and compare results.

Question 4

studies level of increasing evidence

Answer 4

expert opinion, case reports, case control studies, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews/meta analysis ( most evidence)

Question 5

prevalance of diseases

Answer 5

numer of people with disease/ total population

Question 6

whats sensitivity?

Answer 6

the proportion of patients with disease who test positive

Question 7

whats specificity?

Answer 7

proportion of patients without disease who test negative

Question 8

positive predictive value

Answer 8

proportio of patients with positive tests who have disease.

Question 9

negative predictive value is…

Answer 9

the proportion of patients with negative tests who do not have disease

Question 10

whats the GI index?

Answer 10

gives a score from 0-4 ranking the health of the gingiva. Measures mesial distal, buccal and lingual surfaces

Question 11

GI 0

Answer 11

normal gingiva

Question 12

GI 1

Answer 12

mild inflammation: slight color change or slight edema, no BOP

Question 13

GI2

Answer 13

moderate inflammation , redness , BOP

Question 14

GI3

Answer 14

severe inflammation, spontaneous bleeding

Question 15

Whats the plaque index?

Answer 15

give a score ranking the amount of plaque

Question 16

PI0

Answer 16

no plaque

Question 17

PI1

Answer 17

film of plaque adhering to the FGM and adjacent areas of the tooth.

Question 18

PI2

Answer 18

moderate accumulation of soft deposits within the gingival sucus, on FGM which can be seen by nake eye

Question 19

PI3

Answer 19

abundance of soft matter within gingival sulcus on FGM

Question 20

Periodontal index

Answer 20

measures the overall periodontal health of M,D,F,L surfaces.

Question 21

Periodontal index score 0

Answer 21

no gingival inflammation nor loss of function caused by destruction of supporting bone

Question 22

Periodontal index score 1

Answer 22

mild gingivitis, inflammation in the free gingiva but it doesnt encircle the tooth

Question 23

Periodontal index score 2

Answer 23

gingivitis, inflammation all the way around the tooth

Question 24

Periodontal index score 6

Answer 24

gingivitis with pocket formation,

Question 25

Periodontal index score 8

Answer 25

advanced destruction with loss of masticatory function.

Question 26

Periodontal disease index

Answer 26

developed by Ramfjord and only assesses 6 teeth which are 3,9,12,19,25,28,

Question 27

Definition of gingivitis

Answer 27

plaque-induced gingivitis is defines as inflammation of the gingiva in the absence of clinical attachment loss

Question 28

chronic gingivitis

Answer 28

slow onset and longer duration

Question 29

is gingivitis reversible?

Answer 29

yes

Question 30

gingivitis is based on sites and location. So it can be….

Answer 30

localized or generalized, marginal, papillary, or diffuse

Question 31

what is one of the earliest signs of inflammation ?

Answer 31

BOP, its a predictor of future attachment loss as well.

Question 32

how does gingiva appear during inflammation?

Answer 32

smooth and shiny with no stippling

Question 33

what co-exists in chronic gingivitis?

Answer 33

both destructive( edematous), and reparative( fibrotic) changes.

Question 34

what to expect to see in the initial lesion ( stage 1) of gingivitis

Answer 34

occurs within 2-4 days of plaque accumulation, capillary vasodilation and increasaed blood flow, inflammatory cells, perivascular loss of collagen

Question 35

what to expect to see in the initial lesion ( stage 2)

Answer 35

4-7 days after plaque accumulation, erythema, BOP, increased vascular proliferation, lymphocytes, increased collagen destruction, development of RETE pegs,

Question 36

what to expect to see in the established lesion ( stage 3)

Answer 36

2-3 weeks after plaque accumulation, erythema, edema, cyanosis( blue), BOP, engorged blood vessels, alot of plasma cells, increased collagen destruction, JE shows rete peg evelopment.

Question 37

2 types of established lesions appear to exist.

Answer 37

1. some remain stable and do not progress for months or years
2. others seem to become more active and to convert to progressively destructive lesions

Question 38

the advances lesion ( stage 4)

Answer 38

aka periodontitis, lesion extends to alveolar bone

Question 39

plaque retentive factors include….

Answer 39

overcontoured crowns, open margins, narrow embrasures, open contact, ill-fitting partial dentures, caries, tooth malposition