Epidemiology And Concepts Of Health NB Flashcards
Define health
State of complete physical , mental and social well being…not only absence of disease/infirmity.
Determinants of health
Biological Behavioural Environmental Socio cultural conditions Socio Economic conditions Economic status Occupation Political system
Health services
Ageing of population
Gender
Indicators of health
Mortality indicators Morbidity indicators Disability rates Nutritional status indicators (anthropometric assessment) Health care delivery indicators Utilization rates Indicators of social and mental health Environmental indicators Socio economic indicators (Per capita GNP) Health policy indicators Indicators of quality of life Others(MDG indicator)
Mortality indicators
Crude death rate Life expectancy Age specific death rate Infant mortality rate Maternal mortality rate
Morbidity indicators
Incidence and prevalence
Notification rate
Duration of stay in hospitals
Didability rates
Bed disability days
Limitation of activity
Limitation of mobility
Utilization rates
Bed occupancy rates
Bed turnover rate
% of population using family planning
Quality of life is measured by
Physical quality of life index(PQLI)
Types of host defence mechanisms
Active immunity Humoral immunity Cellular immunity Combinations Passive immunity Normal human immunoglobulin Specific human immunoglobulin Animal antitoxins
Levels of prevention
Primordial
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Modes of Intervention
Health promotion Specific protection Early diagnosis and treatment Disability limitation Rehabilitation
Mode of disease transmission
Direct Indirect Air borne route Fomite route Unclean hands and fingers
Direct disease transmission
Direct contact Droplet infection Contaminated soil Animal contact Transplacental/vertical
Indirect mode of disease transmission
Vehicle route (water , food) Vector route
Air borne disease transmission
Droplet nuclei
Infected dust
Air pollution
Vector route of fisease transmission
Mechanical Biting/innoculation Defaecation Contamination Biologically
Biological mode of disease transmission (types)
Propagative
Cyclopropagative
Cyclodevelopmental
Define Screening
Methods/technique/procedure/examination for early and rapid detectionof unrecognized disease/defect
Types of screening
Mass (filariasis) High risk/selective /target (diabetes) Multipurpose (VDRL,ELISA,Rh,Hb estimation) Multiphasic (glycosuria) Opportunistic (case finding screening)
Characteristics of screening test(criteria)
Acceptability Repeatability Validity Yield Simplicity Safety Rapidity Cost Senstivity Specificity Ease of administration
Types of association
Spurious Indirect Direct One to one causal Multifactorial
Criteria of judging causality
Temporial association Strength of association Specificity of association Consistency of association Coherence of association Biological plausibility
Steps of randomised controlled trial
Protocol References +population selection Randomisation Intervabtion/manipulation Follow up Assessment of outcome
Classification of epidemiological studies
Observational Descriptive Analytical Experimental Randomized controlled trial Field trials Community trrials
Types of analytical studies
Ecological
Cross sectional
Case control
Cohort
Theories of causation of disease
Germ theory of disease
Multifactorial causation
Web of causation
3 determinants of state of health
Agent factors
Host factors
Environmental factors
Age nt factors
Physical agents
Chemical agents
Biological agents
Nutritional agents
Host factors
Socio demographic factors
Phycho sovial factors
Intrinaic characteristics l
