Demography Flashcards
Define demography
Scienfic study of human population
Changes in population SIZE
COMPOSITION with age + sex
DISTRIBUTION by geographical area at a time.
Demographic processes
Fertility
Mortality
Migration
Marriage
Social mobility
Sources of demographic data
Census
Vital events registers
Surveys
Sample registration system
Role of demography in public health
Mortality data
Locating + identifying disease
Remedial measures planning
Future prevention planning
Determining causes of mortality
Planning requirements for tt
Age - Sex distribution
Health + health care needs
Public health programmes
Success / failure of programme
Describe level of community health
Leading cause of mortality / morbidity
Determine relative imp of disease
Solution to health problems
Stages of demographic cycle
High stationary
Early expanding
Late expanding
Low stationary
Declining
High stationary / 1st Stage
High birth rate
High death rate
Stationary population (high level)
Growth rate ( <1%)
Age Pyramid - pyramidal
India (before 1920)
Earlyexpanding / 2nd stage
High Birth rate remains
Death rate decline
Slow population growth
Growth rate (1-2%)
Age Pyramid - lose pyramidal shape
India (1921-1930)
Africa
South america
Late expanding / 3rd stage
Birth rate decline
Death rate decline continues
Rapid population growth
Growth rate (2%)
Age Pyramid - globular
Present India
China
Singapore
Low stationary / 4th stage
Low birth rate
Low death rate
Population stationary (low level)
GR 0%
Age Pyramid - cylindrical
In 1980
Austria
UK
Belgium
Denmark
Sweden
Stage of decline / 5th stage
Birth rate low than Death rate
Population goes declining
GR negative
Age Pyramid - losing cylindrical shape
Germany
Hungary
Demographic gap
Difference between Birth rate and Death rate in a demographic cycle
Population Pyramid / Age - Sex Pyramid
Breakdown of population represented in number / percentage according to Age (horizontal axis) and Sex (vertical axis)
Importance of population pyramid
Age -sex distribution
Services required (at different ages)
Mortality rate of different age + sex
Sex ratio
No. Of females per 1000 males
In India
State Lowest - Haryana (877)
State Highest - Kerala (1084),
UT Highest - Puducherry(1038)
District Highest - Puducherry(1176)
District Lowest - Daman(533)
Factors affecting sex ratio
Mortality rates (sex wise)
Sex selective migration
Sex ratio at birth
Gender discrimination
Measures to improve sex ratio
Education
Poverty
Implementation of PCPNDT (preconception prenatal diagnostic techniques)
National Population Policy (NPP)
Policies to decrease birth rate / growth rate.
1st in 1976
Increase legal min age of marriage
Modified in 1977 (National family welfare programme)(small family norm)
Affirms commitment of government towards voluntary and informed choice + consent of citizens
Availing reproductive health care services, continuation of target free approach in giving family planning services.
Objectives of NPP
Immediate
Unmet needs (contraception)
Strengthen health care infra + personnel
Integrated reproductive delivery
Medium
Bring Total fertility rate to replacement levels
Implement inter-sectoral operational strategies
Long-term
Stable population by 2045 (with sustainable economic growth+ social development + environmental protection.
Goals of NPP (National Socio-demographic goals) (14)
Unmet needs (reproductive + child health)(supllies + infra).
School education free upto agr14(compulsory).
Reduce drop outs at primary and secondary school levels.
Reduce infant mortality rate (IMR)(>30 per 1000 live births).
Reduce Maternal mortality rate (>100 per 100000 live births).
80%institute delivery (+100% trained ersons).
Universal immunization of children.
Promote delayed marriages (females).
Small family norm.
Universal access to info /counseling , services (fertility regulation + contraception).
100% registration (birth, death, marriage, pregnanacy).
Prevent + control communicable diseases.
Contain AIDS + promote RTI, STI management.
Integrated Indian System of Medicine (RCH services) reaching households.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
No. Of live births in area in 1yr / Estimated Mid year population *1000
Measure of fertility (all causes + all ages)
Advantage
Ease of complication
Disadvantage
Denomination include whole population but birth comes by reproductive age groups.
General Fertility Rate (GFR)
No. Of live births in area in a yr / mid year female population *1000
Disadvantage
Not all F in reproductive age exposed to child birth
General Marital Fertility Rate (GMFR)
No. Of live births in area in a yr / mid year married female population *1000
Directly proportional to capacity of women to bear child + no. Of marriages
Disadvantage
Comparison within 2 population not accurate
No identification of high risk age group females (conception)
Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)
No. Of live births in an age group / mid year female population of same age group *1000
Importance
Identify high risk age groups (family planning services)
Evaluate family planning services
Age specific Marital Fertility Rate (ASMFR)
No. Of live births in age group / mid year maddies female population same age group*1000
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) /period total fertilty rate
Summation of Age specific Fertility rate of Different age groups* class interval in age groups
Importance
No. Of children age group of 1000 women would bear
Accurate + valid fertility measure (standard index)
Total Cohort Fertility Rate (TCFR) is better.
Gross Reproductive Rate (GRR)
Average no. Female birth occur to female new born, growing up and in entire reproductive age (based on current fertility rate)
Equivalent to TFR for female child
Disadvantage
Assume F will not die before reproductive age ends (overcome by NRR)
Net Reproductive Rate (NRR)
Average no. Of female live births to a newborn female (growing + entire reproductive age)
Include current fertility + mortality rate
Importance
Indicator of population growth
Target of family welfare programmes (to achieve NRR =1)
NRR = half of TFR
Types of population pyramid
Stationary (unchanged fertility / mortality)
Expansive (broad base)
Constrictive (lower young population)
Use of population pyramid
Shape indicates fertility pattern
Height indicates life expectancy
Symmetry indicates sex ratio (symmetry = ideal)
Types sex ratio
Primary (at time of conception)
Secondary (at time of birth)
Tertiary (mature organisms)
Interpretation of sex ratio
Ideal
Favourable (more females)
Unfavourable (less females)
Importance of sex ratio
Indicator of
Status of women
Sex preference among population
Female foeticide
Assess impact of public health programs (Girls + Women)
Dependency ratio (societal dependency ratio)
Age wise ratio of non-earning and earning population.
No. Of people age 0-14 + 65 + above / no. Of people aged 15-65yrs *100
Any age except 15-65yrs (productive age group) is considered economically dependent.
India - 53 / 100
Disadvantage
Neglect elderly + young employed
Unempl unemployed working age
Importantce of Dependency Ratio
Increases - increased strain on productive part to support upbringing and pensions of deendents.
Major Government Schemes for Literacy
National Literacy Mission(1988)(75% by 2007)
District primary education programme (1994)(new + alternative schools)
Mid-day Meal Scheme (1995)(reduce dropouts)
Sarva Siksha Abhiyan(2001)(compulsory school)
Sakshar Bharat(2009)(focus on non + neo literates)
National Digital Literacy Mission(2014)(10c indians digitally literate)
Demographic bonus
Decline period in dependcy ratio until rise again.
Demographic burden
Later stage (life expectancy increases.
Older population increases rapidly
Types of Data
Primary (specific enquiry / study)
Methods(more accurate)
Direct personal
Indirect oral
From corresponding
Mailed questionnaire
Schedules through enumerators
Secondary (data used for various investigations)
Published sources (clinical records, census)
Unpublished (organization, research institutes)
Classification of data
Chronological classification (according to order of time)
Geographical (according to region / place)
Quantitative (measurable attribute)
Qualitative (sex /literacy/ religion)
Dichotomous (in 2 categories)
Manifold classification (in 2 categories) (subclassified)
Population explosion
Rapidly increased birth rate
Decline in infant mortality
Increase in life expectancy
Causes
High BR
Low DR
High BR in population explosion
High fertility
Early puberty
Early marriage
Universality of marriage
Poverty
Illiteracy
Lack of knowledge
Religious factors
Gender discrimination (prefer son)
Low DR in population explosion
Lesser natural calamities
Medical science advanced
Better health facility
Nation health programs
Raised health awareness
Rural health improvement
Health aid
Problems due to population explosion
Physical
Social
Psychological
Antisocial
Miscellaneous
Infection
Malnutrition
Accident
Epidemics
Prostitution
STDs /HIV /AIDS
Physical problems due to population explosion
Poor housing
Pollution
Vector bornes
Migration issues
Social problems due to population explosion
Alcohol / Drug
Unemployment
Poverty
Broken homes
Corruption
Health system overburden
Psychological problems due to population explosion
Mental illness
Behavioural disorder
Anxiety
Stress
Tension
Suicides
Antisocial problems due to population explosion
Child abuse / labour
Sex crime
Crimes
Juvenile delinquency
Census of India
Responsible (Registrar general, census commisioner, ministry ofhome affairs, government of India).
Once in 10 years
The census Act 1948
1st - 1871
Last - 28th feb 2011 (2021 postponed, covid)
District covered - 640
