Environment And Health Flashcards
Safe and wholesome water
Does not harm consumer (over prolonged times)
Free of Pathogen Harmfule chemical substances Acceptable to taste and appearance Usable for domestic purposes
Sanitary well
Properly located (50ft away)(higher)
Well constructed(2-3ft above)(20ft cement)
Protected against contamination
Yielding safe water supply
Construction of sanitary well
50ft away from contamination Parapet 60-90 cm above ground Platform(2-3ft wide cemented platform) Cemented Drain for storm water Covering with gap(aeration+ventilation) Hand pump for drawing water Consumer responsibility (cleanliness) Water stagnation prevented Quality of water (standards)
Hardness of water
Soap destroying power
Cause encrusatation of (water carrying system+heating utensil)
Reduces life of fabrics
Types of hardness of water (mEq/L)
Temporary /carbonate hardness
(Calcium and magnesium carbonate)
Permanent / non-carbonate hardness
(Calcium and magnesium sulphate)
Grading of hardness of water
Soft (<1 mEq/L)
Moderately hard (1-3)
Hard (3-6)
Very hard (>6)
Softening required at >3
Diseases with higher prevalence in soft water supply
Arteriosclerotic heart disease
Degenerative heart disease
Hypertension
Sudden death (CVS origin)
Methods of softening of water
Temporary hardness Boiling Adding lime Adding sodium bicarbonate Base exchange process/Permutit process
Permatent hardness
Adding sodium carbonate
Base exchange process
Social goals of housing
Shelter Family life Access to community facilities Family participation in community life Economic stability
Healthful housing criteria
Protection + shelter
Space for cooking,eating,washing, excretion
Protection to hazards
Noise and pollution exposure
Free from unsafe physical arrangement(toxic /harmful chemicals)
Reflect Ecological principles
Promote mental health
Encourage personal and community development
Housing standards
Site Setback (open space) Floor Walls Roof Rooms Floor area Cubic space Windows Lighting Kitchen Privy Garbage + refuge Bathing, washing Water supply
Properties of noise
Loundness
Normal (60-65db)
Wisper(20-30db)
Frequency (20-20,000Hz)
Adverse effects of noise on human health
Auditory fatigue Deafness Speech interference Annoyance Efficiency Increased BP Rise in intracranial pressure Faster heart rate Breath rate fast More sweat Giddiness/nausea/fatigue Sleep interference Vision interference
Noise control
City planning Zone division Wide green belt Wide main streets Vehicle control Acoustic insulation/sound proof Industry+ railway Protection(rotation Legislation Education (community hazard)
Solid waste
Rubbish /material not economically useful
Solid/liquid/gaseous
Mothods of disposal of solid waste
Dumping Controlled tipping/sanitary landfill Incineration Composting Manure pits Burial
Compost (no organism +good soil builder)
Bangalore method (hot fermentation process)
Mechanical composting
Sewage
Waste water containing solid +liquid excreta
Health aspects of sewage
Creation of nuisance,unpleasant odour Fly + mosquito breeding Pollution of water and soil supplies Food contamination Increase disease incidence
Stages of sewage treatment plant
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Stages in primary treatment
Screening metal screen Grit chamber (velocity 1-2 foot /sec) Primary sedimentation (1-2foot/min)(6-8hr)
Stages in secondary treatment
Trickling /percolating filter (crushed stones) (zoogleal layer)
Activated sludge process (aeration tank)(6-8hr)
Secondary sedimentation(2-3hr)
Sludge digestion (3-4wk)
Disposal of effluent (dilution)
Tertiary treatment /advanced waste treatment process
Treatment for stabilization and dewatering Chemical treatment (add coagulants)(assist sedimentation + sludge treatment)
Other methods of sewage treatment
Sea outfall River outfall Land treatment (sewage farming) Oxidation pond(algae, bacteria, sunlight) Oxidation ditches Aerated lagoons
Oxygenation methods in sewage secondary treatment
Diffused aur system
Simplex surface aeration
Indicators of air pollution (WHO)
Measurement of Particulate matter(PM) Ozone(O3) Nitrogen dioxide(NO2) Sulphur dioxide(SO2)
Smoke (soiling) index
Coefficient of Haze
Preventive measures of air pollution
Containment
Dust collection systems
Scrubber systems(cyclonic spray/ejector venturi/mechanically aided/spray tower/wet scrubber)
Replacement / mordernization of equipment / process
Zoning Regulatory measures( The Air(prevention and control of pollution) Act,1981)
Objectives of The Air(prevention and control of pollution) Act,1981
Provide prevention, control and abadement of air pollution in India
Establishment of pollution control boards (centre+ state) for implementing measures
