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Community Exam 2 > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does Epidemiology try to help us figure out

A

Why some people get sick and why others remain healthy

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2
Q

Epidemiology defintion

A

Study of distribution and determinants of health related states in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems and main health (study of health/disease in populations)

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3
Q

Does epidemiology focus on individuals or groups

A

groups

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4
Q

SOAPIE

A

Acronym that shows how the epi process can parallel the nursing process & be used together.

Subjective

Objective

Gather assesment and summarize

Decide upon the plan

Implement the intervention

Evaluate

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5
Q

What is involved in the epi triad?

A

Agent (antigen)

Host (person)

Environment

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6
Q

Types of agents

A

Biological, Chemical, and Physical

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7
Q

Biological agents examples

A

Virus

Bacteria

Fungi

Protozoa

Metazoa

Rickettsia (rocky mtn spotted fever)

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8
Q

Chemical agents examples

A

Pesticides

Food additives

Pharmcologics

Industrial chemicals

Air pollutants

Cigarette smoke

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9
Q

Physical agents examples

A

heat

light

radiation

noise

vibration

speeding object (bullets)

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10
Q

Agent’s extent of exposure

A

How long does it take to contract this agent yourself

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11
Q

Agent pathogenecity

A

How easy is the agent able to cause a disease state in the host?

Ex: measles is fairly easy. West nile virus not so much

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12
Q

Agent infectivity

A

How easy an agent can infect someone

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13
Q

Agent virulence

A

How bad the agent can be for you or how bad the diseae is

ex: covid is pretty bad

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14
Q

Agent toxigenicty

A

Whether the agent can cause toxins

Ex: botulism or tetanus

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15
Q

Agent resistance

A

Agent’s ability to survive

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16
Q

Agent antigenicity

A

Agent’s ability to reduce antibody response

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17
Q

What is a host?

A

Anything the agent can invade. Best example is you as a human.

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18
Q

Susceptibility factor categories of the host

A

Factors that cause you to more susceptible to being invaded by an agent

  • Modifiable
  • Nonmodifiable
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19
Q

Age

Gender

Genes

modifiable or nonmodifiable

A

nonmodifiable

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20
Q

lifestyle

occupation

environment

immunizaiton

modifiable or nonmodifiable

A

modifiable or you can change these

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21
Q

What’s the big deal about age?

A

Younger children and older adults are more at risk due to either immaturity or maturity of their organs and immune systems.

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22
Q

How can gender affect your ability to be a host?

A

Men won’t get ovarian cancer.

Women won’t get prostate cancer.

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23
Q

How can genes be a risk factor for being a host to an agent?

A

Diseases like sick cell, hemophilia , etc

or even cholesterol or hypertension

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24
Q

Examples of lifestyle choices

A

diet and exercise

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25
Q

Why is occupation a big deal for possibly being a host?

Environment?

A

Certain occupations are exposed to differnt things but you can change occupation so it is modifiable.

Environment is modifiable as well. But if you’re in CO and you have COPD, you’re not doing yourself any favors.

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26
Q

How are immunizations modifiable?

A

You can choose to get them or choose not to.

27
Q

What is the environment of the epi triad?

A

Anything that is an external factor that can affect the host’s vulnerability to an agent.

Geography, climate, plants and animals, psychosocial even , socioecononomic

28
Q
A
29
Q

Geography and climate environmental influence

A

Different altitude and weather can affect health

30
Q

Flora & Fauna

A

plants and animals that can affect health - may need to live somewhere dry if you’re allergic to plants or animals. Or not in the country.

31
Q

What do we mean by psychosocial factors having an influence on environment

A

stress

32
Q

Socioeconomic factors of the environment

A

money, debt, living

or even social determinants of health : housing, food, safety. etc.

33
Q

Radon map

A

invisible gas from granite

red = higher amounts of it

34
Q

Chain of infection

And order?

A

Chain like model to show transission of a communicable disease from its source to a susceptible host

pathogen > reservoir > portal of exit > transmission > portal of entry

35
Q

pathogen

reservoir

portal of exit

transmission

A
  • pathogen: is the agent
  • reservoir is where it dwells ; respiratory tract for covid; soil for tetanus
  • portal of exit : path how agent leaves the host (can often be through symptoms)
  • transmission: direct or indirect (vehicleborne, fomoites)
36
Q

What is meant by portal of entry

A

Similar to portal of exit. This is now how someone got the agent.

Ex: try to figure out what someone ate if it is foodborne

37
Q

New host of chain

A
38
Q

Noncummicable disease model

A

Not the same as chain of infection due to it not being as infective. More genetic endowement. Has more to do with lifestyle and different categories of factors as well like:

  • personality, beliefs, behavior
  • environment, health care, water, air pollution, economics
39
Q

Web

A

Can be used for anything. Further up the ladder then the cheaper it is.

Second row, you can change your own.

But as nurses, we can intervene in any box of the web.

40
Q

Endemic

A

When the existing issue is the same amount as we were expecting

  • seeing colds in winter
  • softball injuries in summer
41
Q

Epidemic

A

Occurence is more than expected but not crazy

ex: measles. small pox; there shouldn’t be any (so not all about numbers).

42
Q

Pandemic

A

When the existing problem is much more than expected

worldwide issue like covid.

43
Q

How many phases are WHO phases of pandemic

A

6

44
Q

phase 1 of WHO

phase 2 of WHO

A

no new cases of subtypes n humans. none in animals

no new subtypes in humans but some in animals.

45
Q

phase 3 of WHO

phase 4 of WHO

A

isolated human infections w no spreading except through rare close contact

small, highly local cluster of cases with limited transmission

46
Q

phase 5 of WHO

phase 6 of WHO

A

Large local cluster , limited human to human spread. possibility of pandemic

pandemic phase; transmission is constant

47
Q

What is standardized data

A

Taken same time & way each time such as a census

And a census is important bc it helps us keep track

48
Q

Black infant mortality vs others?

A

black infant mortality is much higher

49
Q

How are births, deaths, and disease reported to the state

problem?

A

Doctors/clinics/hospitals > local health department > state health > CDC

problem is not all doctors report

50
Q
A
51
Q

Rates

why do we do this?

A

Number of events that occur in a given population in a given period of time (can even just be a single day)

It allows us to easily compare different instances of occurence of the same issues

Ex: head lice in derby vs head lice in wichita

52
Q

natality

A

number of live births to residents in an area in a calender year

//

population in area in same year

53
Q

Morbidity

A

number of cases of illness in an area of calnedar year

//

total population in the same area and year

54
Q

Mortality rate

A

No of deaths to residents in an area in a calendar year

//

population of same area and year

55
Q

incidence rates

A

no of ne cases of a disease ina certain time period

//

population at risk in the same time period

56
Q

prevalence rate

A

number of new and old cases of a disease in a certain time period

//

population at risk in same time period

57
Q

crude death rate

A

number of deaths (all cases )

-_______________________

estimtaed mid yr population

58
Q

age specific death rate

A

number of deaths (35-44)

______________

estimated midyear population (35-44)

59
Q

Cause specific death rate

A

number of deaths (specific cases)

___________

estimtaed midyear population

60
Q

infant mortality rate

composite rate

A

measure infant deaths from birth up to one year of age

looks at more than just infant mortality. includes prenatal care

61
Q

who has lower infant mortality rates: developed or underdeveloped countries

A

developed

62
Q

why should you be cautious w rates?

A
  • they’re estimtaes
  • old
  • heading is important
  • reliability
  • underreporting happens
  • check reliability
63
Q

How do you do the math for rates

4th grades - 10

5th graders - 20

Total school population - 400

A

Add the target populations 10 + 20 = 30.

Dividie by the total population. 30/400.

Multiple by the same numerical amount. 30/400 x 100

Community Exam 2 (7 decks)

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