epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

observational studies

A

investigator passively observes as nature takes its course

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2
Q

interventional studies

A

investigator actively manipulates study participants- randomized controlled trials

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3
Q

process of hypothesis testing

A

1) set up the hypothesis [association]
2) state the null hypothesis [no association]
3) summarise the data
4) interpret the probability of no association

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4
Q

probability

A

the chance of a particular event happening
probability of 0- null hypothesis is definitely not true
probability of 1- null hypothesis is definitely not true

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5
Q

p-value cut off

A

common convention to use a p-value cut off of 0.05

  • if the prob is less than 1 in 20 [0.05] it is unlikely that Ho is true, reject null hypothesis
  • is prob is more than 1 in 20 [0.05], it is likely that Ho is true, accept null hypothesis
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6
Q

chance

A

a p-value tells us how likely it is that the result of a study would have occured by chance if the null hypothesis was true

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7
Q

bias

A

any systematic error in a study that results in an incorrect estimate of the association between exposure and risk

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8
Q

selection bias

A

any error in a study that results in an incorrect estimate of identifying the study population

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9
Q

observation [information bias]

A

any systematic error in the measurement of information on the exposures/outcomes

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10
Q

confounding

A

a mixing of effects between exposure, the outcome and a third factor that is associated with the exposure and independently affects the risk of developing the disease

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11
Q

reverse casualty

A

X and Y are associated, but not in the way you expect- instead of X causing Y, Y causes X

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12
Q

simultaneity

A

X causes Y and Y causes X

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13
Q

bradford hills criteria for inferring casuality

A

1) strength of association
2) consistency
3) specificity
4) temporality
5) dose-response relationship
6) plausibility
7) coherence
8) reversibility

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