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Research methods > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

-deals with describing the pattern of diseases

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2
Q

Analytical epidemiology

A

-attempts to make associations of observed patterns in order to make inferences in a hypothesis driven manner

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3
Q

Genetic epidemiology

A

-the epidemiological evaluation of the role of inherited causes of disease in families and in populations

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4
Q

Incidence

A
  • number of newly diagnosed people in a specific time interval for a specified size of the population at risk
  • measured against time
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5
Q

Cumulative incidence

A
  • most common measurement of incidence
  • valid in cohort studies where attritition is low
  • due to attrition, incidence density (incidence rate) is aused
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6
Q

Incidence density

A
  • aka incidence rate
  • expresses the number of new cases per person-year of observation
  • measured in time-1
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7
Q

Prevalence

A

-the number of existing cases in a specified population for a period of observation

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8
Q

Point prevalence

A

-cross sectional observation of prevalence (at any one time)

(No of existing (both new and old-dead and cured))/ cross sectional population of that area on that date

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9
Q

Period prevalence

A
  • prevalence over a specified time frame

- number of existing (both new and old- dead and cured)/ mid year population at an area

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10
Q

Prevalence and incidence

A

incidence x duration of illness

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11
Q

Lifetime prevalence

A
  • proportion of individuals in the population who have ever manifested a disorder who are alive on a given day
  • has someone ever in their life had the illness- prone to recall bias
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12
Q

Lifetime morbid risk

A
  • LMR
  • probability of a person developing the disorder during their entire life period
  • includes the entire lifetime of a birth cohort both past and future and includes those deceased at time of survey
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13
Q

Baseline prevalence

A

-usual prevalence of a disease in a community

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14
Q

Endemic

A
  • if baseline is low to moderate and continues without significant fluctuation then the disease is endemic in the community
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15
Q

Hyperendemic

A
  • a persistent but high level of the baseline

- most psychiatric disorders are low level endemic disorders

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16
Q

Epidemic

A

-occurrence within an area clearly exceeds the expected level in a given time period

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17
Q

Pandemic

A

-epidemic in wide geographical proportion

18
Q

Crude rate

A

-rate applicable to whole population

19
Q

Specific rate

A

-rate applicable to a subgroup of a population

20
Q

Standardised rate

A

-a rate applicable to a hypothetical population with an adjusted variable e.g age

21
Q

Crude mortality rate

A

-ratio between number of deaths due to all-cause in a population and total population size

22
Q

Cause-specific mortality rate

A
  • e.g alcohol specific mortality

- refers to the ration between number of deaths due to alcohol in a population and total population size

23
Q

Case fatality rate

A
  • ratio between number of deaths due to a specific disease and number of persons affected by the disease in a population
  • measure of fatal severity of the disease
24
Q

Proportionate mortality rate

A
  • measure of the contribution of a disease to the societal mortality burden
  • ratio between deaths due to specific cause and total number of deaths in a population
25
Q

Years of potential life lost (YPLL)

A
  • a measure of the impact of premature mortality on a population
  • calculated as the sum of the differences between some predetermined end point and the ages of death for those who died before that end point
  • most common end points are age 65 and the average life expectancy
  • measure gives more weight to an earlier death than later deaths
26
Q

Disability adjusted life years

A

-DALY
-one DALY represents the loss of one year of equivalent full health
DALY= YLL+ YLD
YLL= years of life lost due to premature mortality in the population
YLD= years lost due to disability for cases

27
Q

YLL

A

-years of life lost due to premature mortality in the population
-YLL= Nx LE
N= number of deaths
LE= standard life expectancy

28
Q

YLD

A

-years lost due to disability for cases
-YLD= Ix DWxLD
-I= number of incident cases
DW= weight given to the disability
LD= average duration of the case until remission or death (life until death in years)

29
Q

Neonatal death

A

-a liveborn that dies within 28 days

30
Q

Early neonatal death

A

-live born that dies within 7 days

31
Q

Late neonatal death

A

-liveborn that dies between 7 and 28 days

32
Q

Stillbirth

A

-foetus dies before birth but after 24 weeks of gestation

33
Q

Perinatal death

A

-still births+ early neonatal births

34
Q

Postneonatal deaths

A

-deaths from 1 month to one year

35
Q

Infant deaths

A

-deaths under 1 year

36
Q

Constrictive pyramid

A

-fewer people in the younger age categories e.g US

37
Q

Expansive pyramid

A
  • large number of people in a younger age categories

- typical of developing countries

38
Q

Stationary pyramid

A
  • roughly equal numbers of people in each category but tapering towards older categories
    e. g Sweden
39
Q

First generation epidemiological studies

A
  • before world war 2

- 16 studies looking at prevalence of mental disorders in relation to community characteristics

40
Q

Second generation epidemiological studies

A

-looked at diagnosis, classification and numenclature after world war 2

41
Q

Third generation epidemiological studies

A

-started in 1970 with more effort into increasing the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses

42
Q

Fourth generation studies

A
  • current phase

- includes studies into biological markers, csf etc in large cross sectional surveys e.g H70 study

Research methods (14 decks)

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