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Microbiology - Unit 2 - Zach H. > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the epidemiology?

A

Science that evaluates occurrence, determinants, distribution, and control of health and disease in a defined human population.

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2
Q

Who was the first epidemiologist?

A

John Snow

studied Cholera in London

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3
Q

What did Florence Nightingale show in 1858?

A

Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus.

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4
Q

What does the Centers for Disease control and Prevention (CDC) do?

A

Functions as national focus for developing and applying disease prevention and control, environmental health, and health promotion and health education activities designed to improve the health of the people.

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5
Q

What do epidemiologist determine in their research of disease?

A

> causative agent
source and/or reservoir of disease agent
mechanism of transmission
host and environmental factors that facilitate development of disease within a defined population
best control measures

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6
Q

What is the definition of sporadic disease?

A

Occurs occasionally and at irregular intervals.

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7
Q

What is the definition of endemic disease?

A

Maintains a relatively steady low-level frequency at a moderately regular interval.

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8
Q

What is the definition of hyperendemic disease?

A

Gradually increase in occurrence frequency above endemic level but not to epidemic level.

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9
Q

What is the definition of epidemic?

A

> Sudden increase in frequency above expected number.

> Index case - first case in an epidemic.

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10
Q

What is the definition of pandemic?

A

Increase in disease occurrence within large population over wide region (usually worldwide).

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11
Q

What is the definition of outbreak?

A

> Sudden, unexpected occurrence of disease.

> Usually focal or in a limited segment of population.

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12
Q

What are the methods that epidemiologist use to look at disease?

A

> Public Health Surveillance
Remote Sensing
Geographic Information Systems - charting infectious disease.

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13
Q

What are the three important statistical measures of disease frequency?

A

> morbidity rate (incidence rate)
prevalence rate
mortality rate

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14
Q

How do you calculate morbidity rate?

A

number of new cases in a specific time period / number of individuals in population

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15
Q

How do you calculate prevalence rate?

A

total # of cases in population / total population X 100

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16
Q

What does prevalence rate measure?

A

> total number of individuals infected at any one time

> depends both on incidence rate and duration of illness

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17
Q

How do you calculate mortality rate?

A

deaths due to given disease / size of total population with disease

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18
Q

What does mortality rate measure?

A

Number of deaths from a disease per number of cases of the disease

19
Q

What does the morbidity rate tell you?

A

> an incidence rate

> number of new cases in a specific time period per unit of population

20
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

Disease resulting from an infection by microbial agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths.

21
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Can be transmitted from one host to another.

22
Q

What is a contagious disease?

A

A disease that is easily spread from one host to another.

23
Q

What is a noncommunicable disease?

A

A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another.

24
Q

What is an acute disease?

A

Symptoms develop rapidly.

25
Q

What is a chronic disease?

A

Disease develops slowly.

26
Q

What is a subacute disease?

A

Symptoms between acute and chronic.

27
Q

What is a latent disease?

A

Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive.

28
Q

What are the two types of epidemics?

A

> common source epidemic (e.g., food)

> propagated epidemic (e.g., strep throat)

29
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Resistance of a population to infection and to spread of an infectious organism because of the immunity of a large percentage of the population.

> level can be altered by introduction of new susceptible individuals into population
level can be altered by changes in pathogen
- antigenic shift (major change in antigenic character of pathogen)
- antigenic drift (smaller antigenic changes)

30
Q

What is systematic epidemiology?

A

Focuses on ecological and social factors that influence development and spread of emerging and reemerging disease.

Reasons:
> world population growth
> increased international travel
> habitat disruption 
> microbial evolution and development of resistance
> inadequate public infrastructures
31
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

Hospital-acquired infection.
> from pathogens within a hospital or other clinical care facility, acquired by patients in the facility
> 10% of all hospital patients acquire a nosocomial infection
> often caused by bacteria that are members of normal microbiota
> many hospital strains are antibiotic-resistant

32
Q

Sources of Nosocomial infections?

A

> endogenous pathogen (brought into hospital by patient or acquired when patient is colonized after admission)

> exogenous pathogen (microbiota other than the patient’s)

> autogenous infection (caused by an agent derived from microbiota of patient despite whether it became part of patient’s microbiota following admission)

33
Q

What are the three types of control measures of epidemics?

A

> reduce or eliminate source or reservoir of infection
break connection between source and susceptible individual
reduce number of susceptible individuals

34
Q

What is immunization?

A

Result obtained when vaccine stimulates immunity.

35
Q

What is the goal of vaccines given to an individual?

A

Vaccines attempt to induce antibodies and activated T cells to protect host from future infection.

36
Q

What is vaccinomics?

A

The application of genomics and bioinformatics to vaccine development.

37
Q

What is a adjuvant?

A

Are mixed with antigens in vaccines to enhance the rate and degree of immunization.

> Can be any nontoxic material that prolongs antigen interaction with immune cells and stimulates the immune response to the antigen.

38
Q

What are whole cell vaccines?

A

> most current vaccines active against bacteria and viruses consist of two microbes that are either inactivated (killed) or attenuated (live but avirulent).

> considered gold-standard but may be problematic:

  • may not protect
  • immunosuppressed at risk of getting disease
  • attenuated may revert to virulent
39
Q

What is a acellular or subunit vaccine?

A

Use of purified molecules from microbes avoids some of the risks of whole-cell vaccines.

> Forms of subunit vaccines:

  • capsular polysaccharides
  • recombinant surface antigens
  • inactivated exotoxins (toxoids)
40
Q

What is a recombinant-vetor vaccine?

A

Pathogen genes that encode major antigens inserted into nonvirulent viruses or bacteria which serve as vectors and express the inserted gene.

> released gene products (antigens) can elicit cellular and humoral immunity.

41
Q

What are DNA vaccines?

A

DNA directly introduced into host cell via air pressure or gene gun.

> DNA taken into nucleus and pathogen’s DNA fragment is expressed.
- host immune system responds to foreign proteins produced

> Many DNA vaccine trials are currently being run.

42
Q

What is the role of the public health system?

A

Network of health professionals involved in surveillance, diagnosis, and control of epidemics.

Form count, regional, state, national, and international public health organizations.

43
Q

What is bioterrorism?

A

intentional or threatened use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, and plants

44
Q

What are the key indicators of a bioterrorism event?

A

> sudden increased numbers of sick people, espcially with unusual diseases for that place and/or time of year.

> sudden increased numbers of zoonoses, diseased animals, or vehicle-borne illnesses.

Microbiology - Unit 2 - Zach H. (7 decks)

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