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Virology > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

important strains of SARS

A

SARS 1: bats
SARS 2: civets
SARS 3 and 4: humans

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2
Q

virus epidemiology

A

study of determinants, frequency, dynamics, and distribution of viral diseases in populations

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3
Q

disease triad

A

host - pathogen - environment

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4
Q

case fatality rate

A

% deaths among clinically ill animals

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5
Q

mortality rate

A

% animals in a population that die from a particular disease over a specified period of time

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6
Q

morbidity rate

A

% animals in a population that develop clinical signs attributable to a particular virus over a defined period of time (commonly the duration of an outbreak)

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7
Q

incidence

A

new cases that occur in a population over a specified period of time (attack rate)

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8
Q

prevalence

A

occurrences of disease (old and new cases), infection, or related attributes (antibodies) in a population, at a particular point in time

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9
Q

T/F incidence is easy to measure for chronic diseases

A

F: for chronic diseases will usually measure prevalence instead

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10
Q

sporadic viral diseases

A

viral diseases occurring occasionally, singly, or in scattered instances, and in a irregular and haphazard manner

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11
Q

enzootic viral diseases (endemic)

A

constant presence of a viral disease within a given geographic area or population group
ex. Louping Ill

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12
Q

epizootic viral diseases

A

occurrence of more cases of viral diseases than expected in a given area or among a specific group of animals over a particular period of time; peaks in disease occurrence that exceed the enzootic baseline or expected incidence of disease

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13
Q

panzootic viral diseases

A

virus epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and usually affecting a larger proportion of the population

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14
Q

carrier

A

animals that have contracted an infectious viral disease, but display no clinical symptoms

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15
Q

T/F A carrier can shed a virus continuously or intermittently.

A

T

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16
Q

incubatory carriers

A

aka acute

animals that shed virus during incubation period of the disease

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17
Q

convalescent carriers

A

aka chronic

animals that shed virus during recovery from disease

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18
Q

inapparent carriers

A

carrier state may exist in an animal with an infection that is inapparent throughout its course

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19
Q

contagious disease

A

disease that is spread from one person or organism to another by direct or indirect contact

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20
Q

period of contagiousness

A

time during which an infected animal sheds virus

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21
Q

exotic disease

A

disease not known to occur in a particular country or geographical area

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22
Q

reservoir

A

habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies; can be human, animal, or environmental

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23
Q

T/F reservoirs can be animate or inanimate

A

T

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24
Q

surveillance

A

systematic collection, analysis, interpretations, and dissemination of health data on an ongoing basis, to gain knowledge of the pattern of disease in the community

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25
Q

seroepidemiology

A

use of serological data as the basis of epidemiological investigation, as determined by diagnostic serological techniques

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26
Q

T/F seroepidemiology can only determine prevalence of a particular infection

A

F: prevalence and incidence

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27
Q

molecular epidemiology of viruses

A

use of molecular biological data as the basis of epidemiological investigation of viral diseases

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28
Q

T/F molecular epidemiology can be used for conclusive evidence for transmission of viruses from animals to humans

A

T (or vice versa)

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29
Q

horizontal transmission

A

aka lateral
spread of an infectious agent from one person/animal or group to another person/animal or group
*most viruses transmitted this way

30
Q

contact transmission

A

spread of infectious agent by direct or indirect contact

31
Q

direct contact transmission

A

involves actual physical contact between an infected animal and a susceptible animal; includes sexual contact (as in HIV, herpes)

32
Q

droplet transmission

A

transmission of a virus in droplet nuclei (saliva or mucus) that travel less than 1 meter from the source to susceptible host (sneezing, coughing)

33
Q

indirect contact transmission

A

occurs via fomites

34
Q

fomite

A

inanimate object or substance that is contaminated with the infectious agent and is capable of transmitting infectious organisms from on individual to another

35
Q

airborne transmission

A

spread of infectious agents by droplet nuclei in dust that travel more than 1 meter, sometimes miles, from infected to susceptible host

36
Q

T/F airborne transmission is indirect contact

A

T

37
Q

T/F droplet transmission is indirect contact

A

F

38
Q

vector transmission

A

aka arthropod-borne transmission
arthropod vectors carry viruses from infected host to susceptible host
*can be mechanical or biological

39
Q

mechanical transmission

A

vector transmission *

passive transport or the infectious agent on the feet or other body parts of the arthropod vector

40
Q

biological transmission

A

*vector transmission
infectious agent undergoes either a necessary part of its life cycle, or multiplication, in the vector before transmission to susceptible host

41
Q

How does an arthropod vector acquire the virus for biological transmission?

A

by feeding on the blood of a viremic animal

42
Q

extrinsic incubation period

A

time it takes a virus inside an arthropod vector to get from the gut to the salivary gland (several days)
*bio transmission

43
Q

What is important about biological transmission?

A

helps virus to cross species barriers

44
Q

overwintering

A

survival of virus from one vector season to the next (period during which arthropods hibernate)

45
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of overwintering?

A
  1. transovarial transmission

2. trans-stadial transmission

46
Q

transovarial transmission

A

virus transmitted from mother tick through infected eggs to the next generation of ticks

47
Q

trans-stadial transmission

A

virus transmitted from larva or nymph to next stage of development (nymph or adult); ex. tick-borne flaviviruses

48
Q

arboviruses

A

class of viruses transmitted to humans by arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks; complex life cycles

  1. sylvatic
  2. rural
  3. urban
49
Q

sylvatic cycle

A

aka enzootic or jungle

natural transmission of virus between wild animals/birds (vertebrate hosts) and primary insect vectors

50
Q

rural cycle

A

aka epizootic

virus transmitted between non-wild or domestic animals and primary or accessory insect vectors

51
Q

urban cycle

A

virus cycles between humans and insect vectors

52
Q

amplifying host

A

level of virus can become high enough that an insect vector such as a mosquito that feeds on it will probably become infectious

53
Q

dead-end host

A

aka incidental host
host from which infectious agents are not transmitted to other susceptible hosts; do not develop sufficient viremia to be picked up by insect vectors

54
Q

bridge vector

A

arthropod that acquires virus from an infected wild animal and subsequently transmits the agent to human or secondary host

55
Q

WEEV transmission

A
  • enzootic cycle between passerine birds and mosquito vector (C. tarsalis)
  • domestic and wild birds are reservoir and epizootic amplifying hosts
  • lagomorphs and rodents can amplify
  • horses and human are dead-end hosts
56
Q

common-vehicle transmission

A

includes fecal contamination of food and water supplies and virus-contaminated meat or bone products

57
Q

iatrogenic transmission

A

infection transferred during medical or surgical practice

  • contaminated instruments or body surface
  • contaminated prophylactic or therapeutic preparations
58
Q

nosocomial transmission

A

occurs while an animal is in a vet clinic; hospital acquired infection
ex. parvo

59
Q

vertical transmission

A

infection that is transferred from dam to embryo, fetus, or newborn before, during, or shortly after parturition (colostrum, milk, or fecal contamination of teats)

60
Q

What can vertical transmission cause?

A
  • early embryonic death or abortion
  • congenital disease
  • congenital defects
61
Q

vertical transmission of retroviruses

A

via integration of proviral DNA directly into DNA of germ line of fertilized egg

62
Q

vertical transmission of cytomegaloviruses

A

to the fetus via the placenta, whereas other herpesviruses are transmitted during passage through birth canal

63
Q

T/F viruses transmitted by fecal-oral route have low environmental stability

A

F: they have higher stability; respiratory route has low environmental stability

64
Q

Which routes of transmission avoid exposure to external environment?

A
  • vertical transmission
  • venereal transmission
  • vector transmission
65
Q

herd immunity

A

occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a population provides a measure of protection for individuals who have no developed immunity

66
Q

incubation period

A

interval between infection and onset of clinical signs

67
Q

prodromal period

A

first signs and feelings of illness after incubation period; period of early symptoms of a disease occurring after the incubation period and just before the appearance of the characteristic symptoms of the disease

68
Q

acute period

A

disease is at its height; severe clinical signs

69
Q

decline period

A

period when clinical signs begin to sub side

70
Q

convalescent period

A

body gradually returns to its pre-diseased state, and health is restored

Virology (16 decks)

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