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Registered Sanitarian > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

When is it considered a disease outbreak?

A

An epidemic confined to a localized area, such as a town or day care center.

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2
Q

What is an attack rate?

A

Cumulative incidence rate

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3
Q

The usual frequency of a disease is ?

A

Endemic level

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4
Q

How is it determined to be an epidemic?

A

Compare it’s frequency in a given population, time, and place to the endemic level

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5
Q

What is a disease cluster?

A

An occurrence of a group of cases, usually an uncommon disease in a time whose distribution is believed not to be due to chance.

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6
Q

Basic steps in investigating a disease outbreak

A
  1. Verify the existence
  2. Confirm the diagnosis
  3. Prepare a case definition and count the cases
  4. Characterize the data
  5. Formulate and test hypothesis
  6. Prepare a written report, conduct control, find prevention
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7
Q

Attack rate equation

A

of new cases occurring among a specified population during a given time period / population at risk at the beginning of the time period x 10^n

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8
Q

What is an epidemic curve?

A

A graphic representation of the case distribution by time of onset

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9
Q

What are epidemic curves used for?

A

Constructed for the outbreak as a whole

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10
Q

What are the 3 basic types of disease outbreaks or epidemics?

A

Common source, propagated, and mixed

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11
Q

What is a common source outbreak?

A

An outbreak that results from the exposure of a susceptible group of people to a common agent of disease

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12
Q

What is a vehicle in a common source outbreak?

A

An inanimate object that is capable of transmitting an agent of disease to a susceptible host (food, bedding, surgical equipment, etc.)

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13
Q

What is a point source outbreak?

A

Type of common source outbreak where the duration of exposure is relatively brief and only among those exposed

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14
Q

What is a continuing source outbreak?

A

Type of common source outbreak where exposure is prolonged beyond a brief period and the exposure is not only among those exposed.

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15
Q

What is an intermittent source outbreak?

A

Type of common source outbreak where the exposure to the common source is irregular, leaves gaps in the epidemic curve

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16
Q

How to use epidemic curve when assuming the outbreak is over

A

Go to first case and count backwards the minimum length of incubation period, then go to the last case of the outbreak and count backwards the maximum length of the incubation period

17
Q

How to figure out incubation period from epidemic curve

A

Counting forward from the first point of exposure to the last case of the disease on the epidemic curve

18
Q

What is a propagated outbreak?

A

Progressive outbreak that is due to person to person transmission or indirect transmission through a vector

19
Q

What is a mixed outbreak?

A

Combination of common source and propagated outbreaks, often begin with a common source outbreak then followed by person to person transmission.

20
Q

What is an index case?

A

The first case in a defined group to come to the attention of investigators, often the one who has introduced the causative agent

21
Q

What is a case-control study?

A

Used when a specific cohort cannot be defined, cases with the disease are compared to a control group to test the hypothesis that the disease is linked to a specific exposure

22
Q

What is a retrospective cohort study?

A

Individuals in a cohort who were exposed are compared to those in the cohort who were not exposed to determine if the factor is linked to the disease

23
Q

True/False-Retrospective cohort studies use attack rate tables for analysis of disease outbreak

A

True

24
Q

For foodborne illness outbreaks, attack rate tables can help determine ?

A

Which food is likely responsible

25
Q

How attack rate tables are used in foodborne illness outbreaks

A

Divides the cohort into exposed group vs. unexposed. Attack rates are calculated in each group by dividing # ill by total ill and total well for each item being examined

26
Q

Example of attack rate calculations STEP 1

A

Exposed
Ham–36 ill, 5 well…potato salad–40 ill, 4 well

HAM: [36 / (36+5)] x 100 = (36 / 41) x 100 = 87.8%
POTATO SALAD : [40 / (40+4)] x 100 = (40 / 44) = 90.9%

Unexposed
Ham–2 ill, 11 well…potato salad–9 ill, 6 well

HAM: [2 / (2+11)] X 100 = (2 / 13) x 100 = 15.45%
POTATO SALAD: [9 / (9+6)] x 100= (9 / 15) x 100 = 60.0%

27
Q

Example of attack rate calculations STEP 2

A

Determining relative risk (RR) and attributable risk (AR)

Ham: RR= 87.8% / 15.4% = 5.7 AR= 87.8% - 15.4% = 72.4%
Potato Salad: RR= 90.9% / 60.0% = 1.5 AR= 90.0% - 60.0% = 30.9%

Based on high RR and AR of ham, the ham is likely to food involved the outbreak

28
Q

Example of attack rate calculation STEP 3

A

Determine AR%

HAM: [(5.7-1) / 5.7] x 100 = 82.5%
POTATO SALAD: [(1.5-1)/1.5] x 100 = 33.3%

Ham is responsible for the outbreak

29
Q

Example of attack rate calculation STEP 4

A

Use chi-square test to see if consuming the food was statistically significant

p<0.001 means statistically significant

30
Q

What is morbidity?

A

Any departure from physiological or psychological well-being, whether objective or subjective. Non-fatal conditions

31
Q

What is mortality?

A

Deaths in a population

32
Q

What is incidence?

A

The # of new events occurring in a defined population during a specified time period.

Can refer to conditions of morbidity and mortality

33
Q

Cumulative incidence rate equation

A

of new events occurring during a specified time period / population at risk X 10^n

34
Q

What is the person-time incidence rate equation?

A

Number of new events occurring during a specific time period/ total person-time units at risk x 10^2

35
Q

What is prevalence?

A

The number of cases of a given disease or other attribute that exists in a defined population at a specified time.

36
Q

Prevalence rate?

A

The porportion of a defined population that has a disease at a specified time

37
Q

What 2 prevalence rates are reported in epidemeology?

A

Point prevalence and period prevalence

38
Q

What is point prevalence rate?

A

Like a snapshot of the prevalence rate

number of persons with a specific disease at a specific point in time / total defined population at the same time x 10^n

39
Q

What is period prevalence rate?

A

Shows what has existed over a period of time

number of persons with a specific disease anytime during the specified time period / total defined population during the specified time period x 10^n

Registered Sanitarian (16 decks)

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