Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MCB-L > Epidemic Simulation <3 > Flashcards

Epidemic Simulation <3 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of causes, occurrence, transmission, distribution, and prevention of diseases in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Occurrence of disease

A

Common source epidemic & Propagated source epidemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Common source epidemic

A

when the source of an outbreak is contaminated water, food, heating or cooling system of a building, and infects many people at one time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Propagated source epidemic

A

a disease transmitted from person-to-person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Index case (first case reported)

A

applies to propagated transmission only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Point prevalence

A

the fraction of the population that has the disease at a point in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Incidence rate

A

the fraction of the population that contracts the disease over a specific period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Infectious diseases - transmissible (communicable) diseases

A

caused by entrance, growth, and multiplication of micro-organisms in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Infectious diseases include…

A

some viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 types of disease transmission

A

direct contact, indirect contact via formite or vector, vehicle, and droplet transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Direct contact transmission

A

person-to-person; physical contact like touching, kissing, sexual intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Indirect contact transmission

A

fomite - inanimate objects like:
-surgical instruments
-respiratory ventilators
-contaminated syringes

vectors - organisms that transmit, but do not cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Classification of vectors:

A

Mechanical: housefly

Biological: mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and lice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vehicle transmission

A

infectious agent transferred to a person by ways other than physical contact (food, water, or air)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Examples of food-borne diseases

A

contaminated foods: H. pylori, hepatitis A

improperly cooked foods: parasitic infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Droplet transmission:

A

a type of vehicle transmission; air-borne or microbial aerosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Examples of droplet transmission

A

small residues that remain after the evaporation of liquid droplets released from an infected host

dust particles that may originate from floor, clothing, bed sheets, or contaminated floors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most effective way to prevent spread of infectious disease

A

washing one’s hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Patterns of infection

A

systemic (general), primary, secondary, nosocomial, and subclinical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Systemic (general) infections

A

spread throughout the body via the blood and/or lymph system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Primary infection

A

an acute infection that causes the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Secondary infection

A

occurs when an opportunistic pathogen is able to infect the host due to its weakened condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

AIDS patients offen suffer…

A

secondary infections such as Pneumocystitis pneumonia and tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

hospital-acquired infection

25
Subclinical (unapparent) infection
does not have any noticeable clinical symptoms or signs
26
Symptoms are...
subjective changes in body function: -pain -headache -heartburn
27
Signs are...
objective changes that a physician can observe, feel, or measure
28
Syndrome
a particular group of symptoms and signs associated with a certain disease
29
Communicable diseases
can be spread from one person to the next
30
Examples of communicable diseases
chicken pox (varicella), measles, genital herpes, tuberculosis etc.
31
Contagious diseases are...
easily transmitted (highly communicable) from one person to the next
32
Non-communicable diseases
do not spread from one person to the next ex. tetanus (clostridium tetani) & anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
33
Morbidity (sickness)
number of susceptible people who have the disease with a defined population during a specific time period
34
Mortality (death)
number of people who die from a specific disease out of the total population affected with that disease in a specific time period
35
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) by the CDC
a publication about the occurrence of 26 notifiable diseases from U.S. and its territories
36
Aerobic
Organisms that require oxygen to thrive
37
Aerotolerant organisms
can survive in presence of oxygen but are anaerobic bc they don't use it as a terminal electron acceptor
38
Facultative anaerobes
can grow w or wo oxygen
39
Microaerophiles
Require low levels of oxygen to survive (i.e., are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen)
40
Superoxid dismutase (SOD) enzyme and catalase enzyme
released by bacteria that possess an ETC capable of breaking down the superoxidate radical (O2) and hydrogen perioxide (H2O2)
41
Antigen (Ag)
a substance capable of eliciting an immune response
42
Antibody (Ab)
immunoglobulin; a protein molecule produced by B lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen
43
Agglutination
clumping of particles; serves as evidence of antigen-antibody reaction highly sensitive & may be used to detect presence of antibody or antigen in a sample
44
Direct agglutination
relies on the combination of antibodies and naturally particulate antigens e.g., slide agglutination (samples of antigen and antiserum are mixed pm a microscope slide and allowed to react
45
Direct agglutination is used to...
diagnose some diseases, determine if pt has been exposed to a certain pathogen, and in determining the blood type
46
Indirect agglutination
relies on artificially constructive systems in which agglutination will occur e.g., coating particles (such as RBCs or latex microspheres) with either Ab or Ag
47
Indirect agglutination is used...
in some pregnancy tests as well as in diagnosing diseases like HIV
48
Slide agglutination
A direct agglutination test that shows visible clumps (agglutinates) are formed when particulate antigens bind with antibodies
49
Slide agglutination kits...
diff kits provide for testing of different bacterial species
50
Slide agglutination results
Kit: Staphylococcus aureus Clumping - presence of black particles - indicates a (+) result of S. aureus No clumping indicates a (-) results of Staphylococcus epidermidis
51
Catalase test
differentiates bacteria based upon their ability to use aerobic or anaerobic respiration, specifically whether or not there is an ETC (electron transport chain)
52
The ETC is composed of...
molecules capable of accepting and donate electrons which alternate between the oxidized and reduced forms, passing electrons down the chain to the final electron acceptor (O2)
53
The energy lost by electrons in the sequential transfer is used to...
perform oxidative phosphorylation
54
Flavoprotein
is an ETC carrier molecule that can pass electrons directly to oxygen, creating two highly potent cellular toxins - hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radical (O2)
55
Organisms that produce the toxins, H2O2 and O2, also
produce enzymes capable of breaking them down. Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide into water and gaseous oxygen. Superoxide dsimutase catalyzes conversion of superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide
56
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
an enzyme produced by aerobic bacteria to deal with the more toxic superoxide radical (O2) SOD 2O2 + 2H ---------------> H202 + O2
57
Catalase
an enzyme produced by aerobes, micro-aerophiles, and facultative anaerobes to deal toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) CATALSE 2H2O2 --------------------> 2H2O + O2
58
Catalase Test
Add H2O2 and check for bubbles means oxygen is produced bc catalase worked upon the hydrogen peroxide
59
Catalase Test Results
Staphylococcus (catalase +) Enterococcus & Streptococcus (catalpe -)

MCB-L (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions