enzymes - Biology Flashcards
which enzymes breaks down carbohydrates?
carbohydrase
what do carbohydrates break down into?
simple sugars such as glucose
what enzyme catalyses starch?
amylaze
what is a catalyst?
a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
where is amylase produced?
- salivary glands
- pancreas
which type of tissue produces enzymes?
glandular tissues
define ‘enzymes’
biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms
what does it mean when an enzyme becomes denatured?
it’s 3d shape has been altered, causing it to lose its functionality. This alters the effectiveness of the process of catalysing a reaction
what are some factors that can cause an enzyme to become denatured?
Changes in temperature, pH, exposure to certain chemicals
which enzyme breaks down Proteins?
protease
what does protein break down into?
amino acids
what are the main types of carbohydrates?
glucose, lactose, starch
what enzyme breaks down lactose?
lactase
what are the 2 different types of amylase and how are they different?
salivary amylase - produces in the salivary glands in the mouth, pancreatic amylase - produced in the pancreas and released into the small intestines
what is glycogen?
a form of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles
what enzyme breaks down lipids (fats)?
lipase
where is protease produced?
pancreas, stomach, small intestine
what are the functions of the pancreas?
to produce enzymes, to release bicarbonate to neutralise stomach acid, to produce hormones
where is lipase produced?
pancreas, stomach, salivary glands
what are lipids broken down into?
glycerol and fatty acids
true or false:
are all enzymes catalysts?
true
what are the functions of stomach acid?
1) to break down food in digestion
2) to create an acidic environment which helps digestion and prevents the growth of harmful bacteria
3) to absorb certain nutrients such as calcium and iron
what does it mean to emulsify?
to create an environment where the breaking down of fats by enzymes is easier and more efficient
where is bile produced and where does it go?
It is produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder and then released by the gall bladder into the small intestines and stomach
what are the 2 functions of bile?
1) to neutralise stomach acid
2) to emulsify fats
why does bile neutralise stomach acids?
stomach acids create an acidic environment in the stomach, however as the food gets passed along, the small intestines cannot withstand the acidic environment of the food, and so the bile neutralises them to create a safe environment for the small intestines
how does bile emulsify fats?
to increase the surface area of the fats, which makes it easier for the enzymes to break them down
true or false:
bile is an enzyme
false, it is a digestive fluid
what is hydrochloric acid also known as biologically?
stomach acid
what chemical is used to test for starch?
iodine
what chemical is used to test for sugars?
Benedict’s solution
what chemical is used to test for protein?
Biuret agent
what chemical is used to test for lipids?
ethanol
what happens to the solution if starch is present?
the solution will turn blue/black
what happens to the solution if sugar is present?
the solution will turn brick red upon heating
what happens to the solution if protein is present?
the solution will turn from blue to purple
what happens to the solution if a lipid is present?
the solution will produce a cloudy white layer on top
