diseases - Biology

Question 1

what is a pathogen?

Answer 1

a harmful microorganism that invades a person’s body causing illness

Question 2

what are the types of communicable diseases?

Answer 2

virus, bacterium, fungus or protist

Question 3

give some examples of viruses

Answer 3

Measles, HIV, Tobacco mosaic virus

Question 4

give some examples of bacterium

Answer 4

Salmonella, gonorrhoea

Question 5

give examples of fungi

Answer 5

rose black spot

Question 6

give examples of protists

Answer 6

malaria

Question 7

what is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?

Answer 7

communicable diseases spread through organisms, whereas non-communicable diseases do not spread between organisms and instead are transmitted through genetic, environmental, or lifestyle factors

Question 8

how does bacteria harm the body?

Answer 8

reproduces rapidly and produces toxins that damages tissues and causes illness

Question 9

how do viruses harm the body?

Answer 9

live and reproduce inside cells, leaving to damage or potentially destroy them

Question 10

what are some signs of diseases in plants?

Answer 10

stunted growth, spots on leaves, areas of rot or decay, malformed stems or leaves, discolouration, pest infection

Question 11

what are the three types of plant defences against diseases?

Answer 11

physical barriers, mechanical adaptations, chemical barriers

Question 12

what are some physical barriers of plants?

Answer 12

cellulose cell walls, waxy cuticle, bark on trees - layer of dead cells that can fall off

Question 13

what are some chemical barriers of a plant?

Answer 13

many plants produce antibacterial chemicals

Question 14

what are some mechanical adaptations of a plant?

Answer 14

thorns and hairs to stop animals from eating them, leaves that droop or curl to scare off herbivores or dislodge insects, mimicking the appearance of unhealthy or poisonous plants

Question 15

how do aphids infect diseases to plants?

Answer 15

they insert their mouth piece into the plant to suck out sap

Question 16

what effects do aphids leave to plants?

Answer 16

reduced rate of growth, wilting, discolouration

Question 17

what is a vector?

Answer 17

an organism that transports pathogens from one host to another

Question 18

give examples of vectors

Answer 18

mosquitos, ticks

Question 19

in what ways can we prevent the spread of communicable diseases and explain each one

Answer 19

• hygiene - keeping infection limited through contact by destroying bacteria
• isolation - keeping an infected person away from other people
• controlling vectors - destroying vectors such as mosquitos which carry malaria
• vaccination - injecting a harmless virus that the white blood cells produce antibodies against

Question 20

in what 3 ways to pathogens spread?

Answer 20

• in the air
• direct contact
• in water

Question 21

what are some external defences of the human body?

Answer 21

• skin
• mucus
• stomach acid

Question 22

what ways do white blood cells destroy and protect you from pathogens?

Answer 22

• ingesting the pathogen
• producing antibodies against the antigens
• producing antitoxins to counteract the toxins produced by the pathogens

Question 23

what is herd mentality?

Answer 23

when a collective group of people are immune to a disease, and therefore cause the number of cases to rapidly decrease

Question 24

what are antiseptics?

Answer 24

chemical agents that destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria on the tissues of living organisms

Question 25

what are disinfectants?

Answer 25

chemical agents that prevent the growth of harmful bacteria on non-living objects

Question 26

what are the disadvantages of using antibiotics?

Answer 26

• antibiotics don’t work on viral pathogens
• a bacteria can become resistant to that antibiotic assigned to it

Question 27

what 3 areas of effects are new drugs tested for?

Answer 27

• efficacy
• toxicity
• dosage

Question 28

what are the stages of developing a drug?

Answer 28

1. drug discovery
2. preclinical trials
3. clinical trials 1 (low dosage to small number of healthy people)
4. clinical trials 2 (given to small number of patients with the disease)
5. clinical trials 3 (given to larger amount of patients to find the optimum dosage)

Question 29

what are malignant Tumors?

Answer 29

Tumors which can break off into the bloodstream, causing them to infect many other areas of the body

Question 30

what are benign Tumors?

Answer 30

Tumors which do not spread to other parts of the body

Question 31

what are carcinogens?

Answer 31

substances that can cause cancer

Question 32

what are some life-style factors of cancer?

Answer 32

smoking, exposure to UV rays, obesity, common viruses