Enzymes and Digestion F4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

A biological catalyst that speeds up reactions without being used in the reaction itself

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2
Q

What are enzymes made of?

A

Protein

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3
Q

What is enzyme specificity?

A

Each enzyme is specific in that it will only work on one type of substrate

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4
Q

What is the optimum of an enzyme?

A

When the enzyme is at its highest rate of activity

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5
Q

How does low temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

Enzyme and substrates have low kinetic energy so there are fewer collisions and therefore enzyme activity is low

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6
Q

How does high temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

At temperatures above the optimum enzymes begin to denature. The increase in temperature changes the shape of the active site, no longer fitting the substrate and so rate of activity decreases.

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7
Q

How does pH affect enzyme activity?

A

On either side of the optimum pH they work less well because the incorrect pH changes the shape of the enzyme’s active site

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8
Q

How does increasing enzyme concentration affect enzyme activity?

A

More active sites become available for substrates to fit into, increasing the activity

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9
Q

How does higher enzyme concentration affect enzyme activity?

A

Rate of activity levels off as enzyme concentration increases because the number of substrate molecules becomes limiting and there are not enough to react with the extra enzymes

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10
Q

What are inhibitors?

A

Molecules/Substances which fit loosely into an enzyme’s active site, stopping the substrate from fitting

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11
Q

How do inhibitors affect enzyme activity?

A

These molecules reduce normal enzyme activity

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12
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breaking down of large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed

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13
Q

What is absorption?

A

The process in which small, soluble food molecules are transferred from the gut to the blood system

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14
Q

Substrate and product of CARBOHYDRASE

A

Starch => glucose

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15
Q

Substrate and product of PROTEASE

A

Protein => amino acids

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16
Q

Substrate and product of LIPASE

A

Fat => glycerol, fatty acids

17
Q

What are the functions of the lacteal?

A

Absorbs glycerol and fatty acids, returning them to the blood later

18
Q

What are the functions of the capillary network?

A
  • absorbs amino acids and glucose

- provides excellent blood supply (maintains low concentration gradient)

19
Q

What are the functions of the thin and permeable surface lining?

A
  • consists of single layer of epithelium cells creating short diffusion distance
20
Q

What does it mean to be thermostable?

A

Can work effectively at a wide range of temperatures.

21
Q

What does it mean to DESCRIBE a graph?

A

‘Say what you see’ - discuss trend of the graph using data

22
Q

What does it mean to EXPLAIN a graph?

A

‘Science bit’ - why it’s taking place

23
Q

How does increasing temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

It increases the kinetic energy, the number of collisions and therefore the rate of activity also increases

24
Q

What is the effect of pre-digesting food for babies?

A

It increase the surface area of the food, making it easier for enzymes to act on.

25
Q

What advantage does the shape of a villus provide?

A

Its finger-like shape increases the surface area