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Bio Module 2 > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions in living organisms.

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2
Q

How would you speed up a chemical reaction in a laboratory setting?

A

• Raising the temperature
• Increasing the pressure

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3
Q

Define anabolic

A

These reactions build up or synthesise large polymers.

Eg. Cellulose for cell walls

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4
Q

Define catabolic

A

These reactions break down large organic molecules

Eg. Digestion of organic material such as starch to its monomer glucose

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5
Q

Where do enzymes function?

A

Intercellularly and extracellularly

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6
Q

Why are enzymes important?

A

In order to sustain life chemical reactions must occur rapidly. Without enzymes they would occur too slowly.

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7
Q

The number of reactions that an enzyme molecule can catalyse per second is called its __________ _______.

A

Turnover number

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8
Q

What type of protein are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are globular proteins

This means they are soluble in water because of the hydrophilic nature of the side groups of their amino acids.

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9
Q

What happens to catalysts after the reaction?

A

Catalysts remain unchanged and can be used again

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10
Q

Give examples of digestive enzymes

A

Protease
Amylase

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11
Q

What does protease digest?

A

Proteins

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12
Q

What does carbohydrase digest?

A

Carbohydrates

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13
Q

What does lipase digests?

A

Lipids

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14
Q

What does cellulase digests?

A

Cellulose

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15
Q

What is catalase?

A

Catalase is an intracellular enzyme that protects cells from damage by breaking down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.

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16
Q

Why do white blood cells use catalase?

A

White blood cells use catalase to kill microbes once they are ingested.

17
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

A metabolic pathway is a series of consecutive reactions with each step being catalysed by a different enzyme that is specific for the substrate produced.

18
Q

What happens to the metabolic pathway if one enzyme can’t function?

A

If one enzyme can’t function, the metabolic pathway cannot run

19
Q

What are the reactants, intermediaries and products known as?

A

Metabolites

20
Q

Are metabolic pathways anabolic or catabolic?

A

They can be both anabolic and catabolic

21
Q

What is the name of the energy required for a reaction to start?

A

Activation energy

22
Q

Name two examples of metabolic pathways

A

Respiration and photosynthesis are both examples of complex metabolic pathways

23
Q

How does enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction?

A

As the enzyme concentration increases so does the rate of reaction as substrates have more active sites to bind to

24
Q

How does substrate concentration affect the rate of reaction?

A

As substrate concentration increases so does the rate of reaction as more enzyme-substrate complexes are formed

25
Q

What is an enzyme inhibitor?

A

An inhibitor slows down or stops a reaction by affecting the binding of substrates to enzymes.

Can be reversible and irreversible

26
Q

How do reversible inhibitors work?

A

They bind to the active site through hydrogen bonds and weak ionic interactions therefore they don’t bind permanently

27
Q

What are competitive inhibitors?

A

They are similar in structure to the substrate molecule therefore they can bind to the active site of an enzyme.

They decrease the activity as the compete with substrates for the active site however they don’t affect the yield of product formed

28
Q

What are competitive inhibitors?

A

They are similar in structure to the substrate molecule therefore they can bind to the active site of an enzyme.

They decrease the activity as the compete with substrates for the active site however they don’t affect the yield of product formed

29
Q

What are non-competitive inhibitors?

A

They don’t bind to the active site but instead bind to the allosteric site.

Binding of non-competitive inhibitors change the shape of the active site affecting the binding of the substrate

30
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

They are organic cofactors which do not bind permanently. They facilitate the binding of substrate to enzyme

31
Q

What conditions affect the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions?

A

Temperature
pH
Enzyme conc.
Substrate conc.

32
Q

What are the difference between reversible and non-reversible inhibitors?

A

Reversible means the inhibitor can be removed whereas non-reversible means the inhibitor cannot be removed from the enzyme

33
Q

What is end-product inhibition?

A

The products of some reactions can act as reversible inhibitors for the enzymes involved, controlling the reaction

Bio Module 2 (9 decks)

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