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Bio Module 2 > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a haploid?

A

A haploid is a cell with a single set of unpaired chromosomes (n23)

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2
Q

What is a diploid?

A

A cell with two complete sets of chromosomes (n46)

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3
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A sex cell

Eg. Sperm, egg, pollen

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4
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A zygote is formed when two gametes fuse together

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5
Q

What is the significance of mitosis?

A

1) Growth of multicellular organisms

2) replacement of cells and tissue repair

3) Asexual reproduction

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6
Q

What is gap 0?

A

Gap 0 is when a cell leaves the cell cycle

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7
Q

Why might a cell leave the cell cycle?

A

A cell might enter G0 due to:

•Differentiation - cell becomes specialised

•Damaged DNA - stops spread of damaged DNA

• senescene - most normal cells can only divide around 50 times

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8
Q

What is being checked at checkpoint G1?

A

Cell size
Nutrients
Growth factors
DNA damage

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9
Q

What is being checked at G2?

A

Cell size
DNA replication
DNA damage

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10
Q

What is the role of Histone?

A

Histone is a protein that DNA coils around allowing it to pack tightly together and protecting it. These coils then from chromatids.

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11
Q

What is the significance of mitosis?

A

Growth of multicellular organisms
Replacement of cells and tissue repair
Asexual reproduction

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12
Q

What happens to chromatin when other cell is about to divide?

A

It condenses

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13
Q

What is the centromere?

A

The region where two chromatids join together

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14
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasmic division

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15
Q

What occurs during the interphase of the cell cycle?

A

Energy stores increase
Cell grows in size
Organelles replicated
DNA copied

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16
Q

What happens in the mitotic phase of the cell cycle?

A

The nucleus divides (Mitosis)
The cell divides (Cytokinesis)

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17
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase (prepare)
Metaphase (middle)
Anaphase (apart)
Telophase (two)

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18
Q

What happens at the prophase?

A

Chromosomes become visible
The nucleolus disappears
The nuclear membrane breaks down
Proteins form spindle fibres

19
Q

What happens during the metaphase?

A

The chromosomes are lined up at the cell’s equator. Spindle fibres form

20
Q

What happens at the anaphase?

A

The spindle fibres begin to shorten pulling the chromatids apart.

This pulls the sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell

21
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

The chromatids have reached the poles of the cell. The nuclear membrane starts to reform and the nucleolus reappears.

Cytokinesis begins.

22
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Actin microfilaments causes the cell surface membrane to pinch inwards creating a furrow. This furrow grows as the cell membrane is pulled in until it fuses, creating two separate cells.

23
Q

What are the adaptations of erythrocytes (red blood cells)

A

Biconcave structure to increase SA
No nucleus to increase SA

Contain lots of haemoglobin to store more oxygen

24
Q

How are new xylem cells produced?

A

Produced in meristems by differentiating from stem cells

25
Q

Which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase 1

26
Q

Which stage of meiosis does independent assortment occur?

A

Metaphase 1 and 2

27
Q

What do neutrophils (white blood cells) do?

A

Ingest bacteria and some fungi via phagocytosis

28
Q

What are the adaptations of neutrophils?

A

Attracted to and travel to infection sites by chemicals

Twice the size of erythrocytes

Each neutrophil has a multi-lobed nucleus

29
Q

What do squamous epithelial cells do?

A

They make up the walls of alveoli and capillaries as well as the lining of intestines.

30
Q

What are the adaptations of squamous epithelial cells?

A

They are flat in shape to facilitate faster diffusion

31
Q

What is the role of smooth muscle tissue?

A

Propels substances along the walls of intestines, blood vessels, uterus

32
Q

What are the adaptations of smooth muscle tissue?

A

Many blood vessels

Contains actin and myosin allowing the tissue to contract and propel substances

33
Q

What is the role of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

They are joined to bones by tendons. Allowing the bones to move

34
Q

What are the adaptations of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

It is able to rapidly modify rate of ATP synthesis and blood flow

35
Q

What is the role of the xylem tissue?

A

Transport water minerals

36
Q

What are the adaptations of xylem?

A

The walls are strengthened with a waterproof material called lignin

37
Q

What is the role of the phloem tissue?

A

Transport nutrients such as sucrose

38
Q

What is the role of guard cells in plants?

A

Form small openings called stomata which allows carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapour in and out of the plant

39
Q

How are guard cells adapted to their role?

A

They can change shape to prevent excessive water loss

They have thicker walls next to the stomata

40
Q

What is the role of the epidermis?

A

Allows carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapour in and out of the plant

41
Q

How is epidermis adapted to its role?

A

Covered by a waxy waterproof cuticle to reduce water loss

42
Q

Which direction does the xylem transport material?

A

Upwards

43
Q

Which direction does the phloem transport material?

A

Upwards and downwards

44
Q

What are the sources of stem cells?

A

Embryonic
Induced pluripotent
Plant meristem
Umbilical cord
Adult

Bio Module 2 (9 decks)

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