Enzyme Catalysts Flashcards

1
Q

Enzyme complications in cystic fibrosis

-treatment

A

-a neutrophil mediated inflammatory response releases elastase which contributes to lung destruction -blockage of the pancreatic ducts leads to insufficient digestive pancreatic enzymes which leads to malabsorption of fat
and proteins
-treatment: nebulized antibiotics and supplemental enzymes

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2
Q

oxidoreductases

A

oxidation-reduction reactions

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3
Q

transferases

A

transfer of a chemical group

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4
Q

hydrolases

A

lysis by water

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5
Q

lyases

A

a cleavage reaction not using water

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6
Q

isomerases

A

change of molecular confirmation

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7
Q

ligases

A

joining of two compounds

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8
Q

serine proteases

A
  • proteolytic enzymes that catalyze peptide bond hydroplysis

- include pancreatic enzymes: chymotrypsin, trypsin, elastase, adn neutrophil elastase

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9
Q

Specificity of serine proteases

A

-not only specific for binding peptides, but also have specificity pockets for preferantially binding certain amino acids

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10
Q

active site

A
  • usually a crevice on the surface of the enzyme

- comprises amino acids that bind the substrate and those that catalyze the reaction

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11
Q

summary of mechanism for serine protease

A
  • correct substrate is bound in the correct orientation (serine is made unusually reactive)
  • attack by a serine
  • oxyanion formed in the transition state is stabilized by the enzyme
  • product release
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12
Q

Gibbs Free Energy (delta G)

A
  • intrinsic energy to certain compounds.
  • a drop indicates that a more stable form has been achieved
  • spontaneous reactions have a negative delta G, reactions that flow in the opposite direction have a positive
  • sensitive to concentration of reactants and products
  • standard conditions: certain temp, 1M concentrations except for H+ (ph=7)
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13
Q

at equilibrium, Q=
When Q>Keq
When Q

A

Keq
the reaction goes in reverse
the reaction moves forward

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14
Q

when delta G =0

A

the reaction is in equilibrium

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15
Q

differences between biochemical and chemical reactions

A
  • reactions in the body are not in equilibrium, we are burning fuel to keep it this way
  • removing product can shift equilibrium
  • reactions in the bod proceed under very non-standard conditions
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16
Q

the free energy of activation

-enzymes role

A
  • the amount of energy necessary to put into a reaction toget it to go a certain way
  • this is the change in energy between the reactant (substrate) and the transition state
  • enzymes act to reduce the energy of the transition state,
17
Q

stabilization of the transition state by a catalyst

A
  • lowers the activation barrier, increasing the attainment of equilibrium
  • catalyst does not change the free energy of the substrate of product
  • does not alter the equilibrium ratio
18
Q

catabolism vs anabolism

A
  • catabolism burns fuel to generate ATP

- anabolic: burning ATP for biosynthetic processes, active transport, or mechanical work

19
Q

coupled reactions

A
  • enzymes will couple the hydrolysis of ATP with another, less favorbale reaction
  • this uses the energy produced from ATP hydrolysis to drive the other reaction
20
Q

example of a coupled reaction

A
  • hexokinase uses hydrolysis of ATP to add a phosphate to glucose, creating glucose-6-phosphate
  • if you sum the delta G’s, it comes up negative, suggesting the forward reaction is favored overall.
21
Q

enzyme velocity

A

-the amount of product formed per unit time

22
Q

Km

A
  • the concentration of substrate that it takes to reach half of Vmax
  • this does not change with the addition of more substrate
  • larger Km’s reflect a lower enzyme to substrate affinity
23
Q

Vmax

A
  • this is the maximum amount of product per unit time that a certain amount of enzyme can pump out.
  • Vmax is directly proportional to the amount of enzyme present
24
Q

Lineweaver Burk plot

-y and x intercepts

A
  • this is a linear plot
  • also known as the double reciprocal plot
  • 1/v=(Km/Vmax) 1/[S]+1/Vmax
  • y intercept = 1/Vmax
  • x intercept = -1/Km
25
active site of chymotrypsin
is hydrophobic and open therefore it binds buly hydrophobic residues
26
trypsin active site
has a negatively charged Asp, therefore it binds positively charged molecules
27
Elastase active site
has a Val and Thr which narrow the crevice of the active site, only allowing small amino acids such as Gly, Ala, and Val to bind
28
Energy stored in ATP
There are two possible high energy bond cleavages in ATP - ATP to ADP and ADP to AMP - this releases about 13 kcal/mol