Diabetes

Question 1

long term complications of diabetes

Answer 1

• diabetic eye: hemorrhages, cataracts and glaucoma, microaneurisms (proliferative retinoathy), new growth and fragile vessels
• diabetic feet:
• diabetic kidney: makes up a large percentage of kidney disease
• diabetic heart: CHD risk is 4 times greater

Question 2

alpha glucosidase inhibitors

• used for
• mechanism

Answer 2

• to treat type 2 diabetes

- slows downs the enzyme that turns carbohydrates into glucose, this results in a smaller rise in blood sugar

Question 3

where exactly is glucose absorbed

Answer 3

• 90% is in the first section of the kidney via the SGLT2 receptor
• 10% is in the seond part of the kidney via the SGLT2

Question 4

what control insulin production and secretion

Answer 4

• glucose

- incretins: hormones produced in the digestive track GLP1 and GIP

Question 5

glp1 acts on secretion via

Answer 5

ion channels

• binding of GLP1 to its receptor triggers the conversion of ATP to cAMP intracellularly which activates PKA
• PKA activates a K channel which lets K leave the cell and activate a Ca membrane channel
• this channel allows Ca influx which causes the exocytosis of insulin granules

Question 6

types of diabetes

Answer 6

1: loss of beta cells
2: insulin resistance/ beta cell failure
- gestational
- other (MODY, endocrine disease)