Environmetal Factors Affecting Growth - Microbial & Stress

Question 1

How do pathogens affect human and animals?

Answer 1

• Infectious disease agents are known to spread diseases from one organism to another. These agents include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.
• Animals are at a constant state of war with the microbial pathogens in and around them

Question 2

Does sanitation improve growth rate and feed efficiency?

Answer 2

Yes! Better sanitation improves growth rate and feed efficiency.

Question 3

Breeding for growth and performance has _________ selected against _____________.

Answer 3

inversely, immunity

Question 4

What are the functions of gut microbiota?

Answer 4

1) Protection against pathogens
2) Synthesis of vitamins
3) Immune system development
4) Promotion of intestinal angiogenesis
5) Promotion of fat storage
6) SCFA production by fermentation of dietary fiber
7) Modulation of central nervous system

Question 5

Germ-free animals adopts….

Answer 5

…the phenotype of the microbiota donor. For example, a normal donor weight will adopt a “still normal” phenotype after microbiota transfer. The same goes for obese and underweight donor weights.

Question 6

What are the functions of microbes in ruminants?

Answer 6

Natural bioreactor:
1) Degradation of fibrous material
2) Production of microbial proteins
3) Production of volatile fatty acids (C2 to C6)
4) Nutrients breakdown
5) Production of methane

Question 7

What are some strategies to improve gut microbiota?

Answer 7

1) Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) involves the transfer of fecal microbiota from a donor to another individual.
2) Probiotics and microbial consortia (targeted formulations used to augment host microbiota) are being developed
3) Diet, prebiotics, and postbiotics can influence the microbial community

Question 8

Physical and chronical stresses significantly affect the ________________________________________.

Answer 8

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

Question 9

What are some stress factors in animals?

Answer 9

1) Temperature/wind
2) Absence of feed and water
3) Novel social group
4) Motions
5) Transportation

Question 10

What are the effects of stress on farm animals?

Answer 10

1) Reduction in feed intake
2) Lower energy levels
3) Weight loss
4) Reduced conception rate
5) Reduced production of milk
6) Small or premature calves
7) Weakened immune system
8) Disease

Question 11

Chronically stressed animals suffer from elevated circulating concentrations of ______________ that inhibit growth.

Answer 11

Glucocorticoids