Environmental Trauma Flashcards

Question

presentation of frostbite

Answer 1

``` cold grey mottled inflammed waxlike hardening ```

Answer 2

usually only ear, nose etc | unaware until skin appears white

Answer 3

cold and numbness, followed by extreme pain during warming | Oedema after rewarming which them becomes blistered and hard scar

Answer 4

medical emergency solid to touch, but oedema slow to develop do NOT rewarm

Answer 5

``` the body can adapt to hypoxic environment: hyperventilate increased production of RBC increased capacity of lungs to diffuse increase vascularity of tissues ```

Answer 6

6-24 hours after arrival

Answer 7

``` similar to hangover headache nausea and vomiting weakness normally self limiting ```

Answer 8

``` dyspnoea vomiting ACS headache ataxia retinal haemorrhage may progress to HACE or HAPE ```

Answer 9

increased ICP causes decreased CPP and death vasogenic oedema hypoxia = increased ECF and microvascular permeability

Answer 10

progressive decline in mental status truncal ataxia cranial nerve palsies

Answer 11

stop climbing, rapid descent analgesic and antiemetics dexamethasone to reduce capillary permeability and reduce ICP oxygen 2-4l/m

Answer 12

non cardiac pulmonary oedema due to increased pulmonary artery pressure Increased pressure due to hydrostatic overcomes oncotic pressure therefore fluid shift into intersitial space

Answer 13

fluid is interstitial | dry cough and reduced exercise tolerance

Answer 14

``` tachycardia increased dyspnoea marked weakness productive cough and frothy sputum cyanosis ```

Answer 15

develops secondary to breathing gases at higher than normal atmospheric pressure

Answer 16

volume of gas inversely proportional to pressue

Answer 17

total sum of the mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas

Answer 18

at a constant temp the amount of gas that will dissolve into a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas

Answer 19

ambient pressure increase as diver ascends, increases the partial pressure of nitrogen which is dissolved into body fluids

Answer 20

musculoskeletal pain itching resp complaint neurological changes

Answer 21

``` number of dives performed surface interval between dives type of ascent depth of dive breathing gas mixes used levels of exertion before and after dive ```

Answer 22

process of experiencing resp impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid

Answer 23

less than 5min submersion higher GCS post drowning initiation of good quality CPR within 10m first spontaneous breath within 30 m

Answer 24

voluntary apnoea, increased BP and HR effects of hypercapnia and hypoxia lead to involuntary breath and sudden increase in airway pressure Secondary apnoea, LOC, involuntary gasping Hypoxia leads to bradycardia, hypotension and irreversible brain injury

Answer 25

``` prolonged immersion time any LOC mouth to mouth cough CPR required cyanosis tachycardia wheeze/crackles pink, frothy sputum altered conscious state reduced Spo2 readings ```

Answer 26

caused by cooling of the forehead

Answer 27

bradycardia peripheral vasoconstriction bradypnoea movement of blood to the core helps maintain higher core temps longer and initiates a bolus of oxygenated blood to vital organs prior to cardiac arrest

Answer 28

``` underlying medical conditons how long before pt was discovered submersion time why was pt in water how was pt found type of water and temp did the pt ingest water any LOC before during or after any witnessed headstrike CPR/mechanical ventilations seizure activity ```