Environmental factors and Epidemiology

Question 1

Synergists effects

Answer 1

2 or more chemicals produce an effect different than either chemical produces alone

Question 2

Additive effects

Answer 2

2 chemicals produce an effect approximately twice that effect of either chemical alone

Question 3

Example of additive effect

Answer 3

Cigarrete smoking and air pollution effects may be additive

Question 4

Multiplicative effects

Answer 4

2 or more chemicals produce an effect several times greater than that produced by either chemical alone

Question 5

Example of multiplicative effect

Answer 5

The risk of death from lung cancer by an asbestos worker who smokes is 8 times greater than the smoker not exposed to asbestos and 92 times that of the non-smoking person who does not work with asbestos

Question 6

Accelerator effects

Answer 6

1 chemical enables or enhances the toxic effect of another chemical

Question 7

Example of accelerator effect

Answer 7

Soot, an otherwise harmless substance becomes a powerful carcinogen because of its tendency to absorb carcinogenic agents and convey them into the tracheobronchial tree

Question 8

Direct transmission

Answer 8

Direct contact with an infected person

Question 9

Direct transmission droplet

Answer 9

Exposure to and inhalation of respiratory aerosols containing infectious agents

Question 10

Indirect transmission animate objects

Answer 10

An animal vector inoculates the host with the infectious agents

Question 11

Indirect transmission inanimate objects

Answer 11

Vehicle: food, water, milk or other biological products through which an infectious agent is transmitted to the host
Airborne: particles harboring infection agents that are suspended in the air
Fomites: contaminated objects harboring infectious agents