Environmental Determinants of Health Flashcards
What are the (5) Environmental Determinants of Health?
- Biological
- Chemical
- Physical
- Ergonomics
- Psychosocial
What vapor measurements are considered to be highly volatile?
VP>=1mmHg
What is the vapor density of air?
1
[Identify] how body handles the toxic agent
Toxicokinetics
[Identify] What the toxic agent does to the body
Toxicodynamics
How does mercury affect health?
affect CNS, reproductive system, developmental defects, kidney impairment,
How does cadmium affect health?
kidney and bone involvement
How does marine toxins affect health?
affect NS and GI
[Identify] How toxic agents produce illness
Pathophysyiology
“will this agent stay long in the environment, will it
die immediately?” the question is referring to
Bioaccumulation
[Identify] contact between hazardous agent and a target such as person, plant, animal, or other receptor of interest
Exposure
[Identify] the amount of a hazardous substance in an
environmental medium or consumer product; the rate of contact with the substance
Magnitude
[Identify] period of time over which an individual or
population may be exposed; ranges from short (in seconds) to long (lifetime)
Duration
[Identify] the persistence of exposure over a certain
duration of time; contact could be rare. intermittent or
continuous.
Frequency
[Identify] period of vulnerability; e.g. congenital anomalies
Timing
[Identify] The course that an agent follows from the source to the receptor
Exposure Pathway
[Identify] Type of exposure pathway wherein agent doesn’t reach the receptor, reducing the risk
Incomplete
[Identify] Type of exposure pathway wherein agent reaches the receptor
Complete
When will exposure be internal?
When the agent is inside the body. If it’s outside, it is external.
Give (4) routes of exposure
air, food, water, skin
What is the halflife of DDT?
96years, therefore it stays very long in the environment
What was done in the Stockholm convention?
identified 13 key persistent organic pollutants
and drafted ways to remove them from the
environment
What could result from nitrate pollution?
methemoglobinemia
What self-reported health symptoms are common in land fills?
Respiratory symptoms, irritation of the skin, nose, eyes; gastrointestinal problems, fatigue, headache, psychological problems and allergies (MSK, GI, Skin)
For populations living within 2 kilometres of
landfills, there was limited evidence of__________ _________ and ___ _____ ____ with excess risk of 2% and 6% respectively; excess risk becomes higher when sites dealing with toxic wastes were considered
For populations living within 2 kilometres of landfills, there was limited evidence of congenital anomalies and low birth weight with excess risk of 2% and 6% respectively; excess risk becomes higher when sites dealing with toxic wastes were considered
People living near incineration areas are in high risk of developing cancer. Which cancers are most common?
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, soft tissue sarcoma
T/F There was significant association between
adverse reproductive outcome (miscarriages)
and residence near a landfill site
T
In 2010: _______ persons were at risk of
exposure to industrial pollutants at ___ toxic
waste sites
In 2010: 8,629,750 persons were at risk of
exposure to industrial pollutants at 373 toxic
waste sites
____ and __________ ________collectively
accounted for 99.2% of the total DALYs for the
chemicals evaluated
Lead and hexavalent chromium collectively
accounted for 99.2% of the total DALYs for the
chemicals evaluated
Which environmental source of pollution contribute the highest DALY?
Battery recycling; because of lead
What does DALY mean?
Disability-adjusted-life-years
Due to climate change, there Colder and longer __ _____, and hotter
and dryer__ _____
Colder and longer La Niña, and hotter
and dryer El Niño
True about extreme climate events in the Philippines
a. Water contaminations not monitored, especially
chemical; focus of monitoring is only microbiological
b. Continued multiple use of coal-fire power plants
c. increased incidences of typhoons, floods, hurricanes and
others is due to change in global climate
d. However, there’s not much change in the country’s overall temperature
D; rise
algal blooms, plant toxins, virulent strains A. biological stressors B. chemical stressors C. physical stressors D. psychological stressors E. social stressors
A
UV rays, extreme heat A. biological stressors B. chemical stressors C. physical stressors D. psychological stressors E. social stressors
C
displacement of people due to flooding and other environmental hazards A. biological stressors B. chemical stressors C. physical stressors D. psychological stressors E. social stressors
E
pesticides, heavy metals, gases A. biological stressors B. chemical stressors C. physical stressors D. psychological stressors E. social stressors
B
Anthropogenic forces that contribute to climate change is mostly due to
industrialization
- Extreme weather
- Effects on ecosystem
- Sea-level rise (saliation and storm surges)
- Environmental degradation of land and coastal areas
are examples of effects on the?
environment
How should environmental effects be addressed?
via mitigation
- Thermal stress
- Microbial proliferation
- Changes in vector – pathogen and infectious diseases
- Impaired crop and livestock yields, impaired nutrition
- Loss of livelihood and displacement leading to poverty, malnutrition and increase risk
are examples of
Health Effects
How should health effects be addressed?
via adpatation
Human Health Conditions Likely To Be Affected By
Climate Change are
Asthma, Cancer, CVD and stroke, Food-bourne disease and nutrition, Heat-related Morbidity and Mortality, Human developmental effects, Mental health and stress related disorder, neurological disease, vector-bourne and zoonotic disease, water-borne disease, weather-related mortality and morbidity
How does lead content in fish products affect pediatric development(Bulacan study)
Decrease IQ in 2 year olds
High manganese exposure is linked to which disease?
Parkinsonism
Changes in Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases include
Expansion in vector ranges
Shortening of pathogen incubation period
Disruption and relocation of large human populations
Change in Mental Health and Stress-Related Disorders is due to
Geographic displacement of populations
Damage to properties
Loss of loved ones
Chronic stress
Enumerate 3 majoy factors affecting response to environmental change
Agent, Exposure, Human factors
Agent factors include
characteristics of toxic agents physical (severity) chemical (endocrine disruptors) biological (virulent stains, biotoxins), environmental fate of agent
Exposure factors include
exposure situation (duration, frequency, route, dosage)
Human factors include
individual characteristics and individual susceptibility
