ENVIRONMENT AND NUTRITION

Question 1

impacts nutrient requirements and intake in animals.

Answer 1

Environmental stress

Question 2

often overlook environmental stress effects

Answer 2

Traditional nutrient requirement tables for livestock

Question 3

The environment for animals raised in confinement is typically controlled to reduce stress from?

Answer 3

temperature and humidity extremes

Question 4

Animals in less confined or open environments experience more?

Answer 4

environmental stress

Question 5

is the main factor affecting energy efficiency in farm animals.

Answer 5

Air temperature

Question 6

Secondary factors influencing energy use include?

Answer 6

humidity, precipitation, wind, and heat radiation

Question 7

• Air temperature is the main factor affecting energy efficiency in farm animals.
• Secondary factors influencing energy use include humidity, precipitation, wind, and heat radiation.
• The combined impact of these factors is called?

Answer 7

effective ambient temperature

Question 8

is the range of effective ambient temperatures where an

Answer 8

comfort zone or thermoneutral zone

Question 9

cattle acclimated to winter may have a thermoneutral zone lowered by up

Answer 9

to 27°F (15°C)

Question 10

is the temperature at which animals begin to experience cold stress.

Answer 10

lower critical temperature (LCT)

Question 11

At ?, animals show increased feed intake and higher metabolic heat production to cope with the cold.

Answer 11

lower critical temperature (LCT)

Question 12

the temperature at which animals begin to experience heat stress

Answer 12

upper critical temperature (UCT)

Question 13

At ?, animals generally decrease feed intake to reduce metabolic heat production in response to the high temperature.

Answer 13

upper critical temperature (UCT)

Question 14

Mature ruminants with high feeding and production levels generate more?

Answer 14

metabolic heat

Question 15

• They have relatively small surface areas compared to their total body mass and possess substantial insulative tissue.
• As a result, they have significantly lower critical temperatures than smaller animals like swine, poultry, or young animals.
• Theu have a higher metabolic rate, making it harder for them to adjust to high temperatures compared to lower temperatures.
• They are more prone to heat stress than cold stress.
• In hot environments, their main method of heat loss is through evaporation from the skin and respiratory tract.
• Providing shade during high temperatures helps reduce heat stress in these animals.

Answer 15

mature ruminants

Question 16

makes it harder for animals to lose heat through evaporation

Answer 16

High humidity

Question 17

They rely on sweating for heat loss, are more affected by high humidity

Answer 17

Cattle

Question 18

They lose heat through respiration

Answer 18

swine

Question 19

around animals influences heat loss by convection and evaporation.

Answer 19

Air movement

Question 20

rates are highest at lower air velocities.

Answer 20

Heat transfer

Question 21

along with low temperatures and wind increases heat loss in animals.

Answer 21

Precipitation (rain or wet snow)

Question 22

( wet or dry? ) hair, wool, or fur loses its insulation value, leading to faster heat loss through conduction

Answer 22

Wet or matted

Question 23

As the coat dries, animals continue to lose ? by evaporation.

Answer 23

heat

Question 24

This intake generally increases with rising temperatures and decreases in colder weather.

Answer 24

Water intake

Question 25

They tend to drink more water in cold weather if it is heated

Answer 25

Cattle

Question 26

heating water does not significantly affect water intake in?

Answer 26

sheep

Question 27

The water intake of cattle and sheep typically decreases as relative humidity increases or decreases?

Answer 27

increases

Question 28

require more water than nonpregnant and nonlactating animals.

Answer 28

Pregnant and lactating animals

Question 29

Animals consuming feeds with ? have higher water requirements compared to those eating feeds with higher moisture content

Answer 29

high dry matter content

Question 30

measures the combined effect of air temperature and wind speed on animals

Answer 30

wind chill index

Question 31

has a greater negative impact on animals than still cold air

Answer 31

Moving cold air

Question 32

Providing a ? during cold weather helps reduce cold stress in animals.

Answer 32

windbreak

Question 33

declines when temperatures fall outside an animal’s comfort zone, leading to economic losses for livestock producers.

Answer 33

Feed efficiency

Question 34

must balance the costs of controlling environmental conditions against potential economic losses when making management decisions

Answer 34

Producers

Question 35

can support animals during extreme temperatures

Answer 35

Nutritional adjustments

Question 36

In cold weather, animals require more ?, though their protein needs remain close to those within their comfort zone.

Answer 36

energy

Question 37

in hot weather, animals eat less, so adding ? to their diet can help maintain calorie intake, as ? generates less metabolic heat than protein or carbohydrates.

Answer 37

Fat

Question 38

Additionally, increasing the ? percentage in the diet during hot weather may help meet the animals’ nutritional needs despite lower feed intake.

Answer 38

protein