ENVIRONMENT AND NUTRITION Flashcards
impacts nutrient requirements and intake in animals.
Environmental stress
often overlook environmental stress effects
Traditional nutrient requirement tables for livestock
The environment for animals raised in confinement is typically controlled to reduce stress from?
temperature and humidity extremes
Animals in less confined or open environments experience more?
environmental stress
is the main factor affecting energy efficiency in farm animals.
Air temperature
Secondary factors influencing energy use include?
humidity, precipitation, wind, and heat radiation
- Air temperature is the main factor affecting energy efficiency in farm animals.
- Secondary factors influencing energy use include humidity, precipitation, wind, and heat radiation.
- The combined impact of these factors is called?
effective ambient temperature
is the range of effective ambient temperatures where an
comfort zone or thermoneutral zone
cattle acclimated to winter may have a thermoneutral zone lowered by up
to 27°F (15°C)
is the temperature at which animals begin to experience cold stress.
lower critical temperature (LCT)
At ?, animals show increased feed intake and higher metabolic heat production to cope with the cold.
lower critical temperature (LCT)
the temperature at which animals begin to experience heat stress
upper critical temperature (UCT)
At ?, animals generally decrease feed intake to reduce metabolic heat production in response to the high temperature.
upper critical temperature (UCT)
Mature ruminants with high feeding and production levels generate more?
metabolic heat
- They have relatively small surface areas compared to their total body mass and possess substantial insulative tissue.
- As a result, they have significantly lower critical temperatures than smaller animals like swine, poultry, or young animals.
- Theu have a higher metabolic rate, making it harder for them to adjust to high temperatures compared to lower temperatures.
- They are more prone to heat stress than cold stress.
- In hot environments, their main method of heat loss is through evaporation from the skin and respiratory tract.
- Providing shade during high temperatures helps reduce heat stress in these animals.
mature ruminants
makes it harder for animals to lose heat through evaporation
High humidity
They rely on sweating for heat loss, are more affected by high humidity
Cattle
They lose heat through respiration
swine
around animals influences heat loss by convection and evaporation.
Air movement
rates are highest at lower air velocities.
Heat transfer
along with low temperatures and wind increases heat loss in animals.
Precipitation (rain or wet snow)
( wet or dry? ) hair, wool, or fur loses its insulation value, leading to faster heat loss through conduction
Wet or matted
As the coat dries, animals continue to lose ? by evaporation.
heat
This intake generally increases with rising temperatures and decreases in colder weather.
Water intake
They tend to drink more water in cold weather if it is heated
Cattle
heating water does not significantly affect water intake in?
sheep
The water intake of cattle and sheep typically decreases as relative humidity increases or decreases?
increases
require more water than nonpregnant and nonlactating animals.
Pregnant and lactating animals
Animals consuming feeds with ? have higher water requirements compared to those eating feeds with higher moisture content
high dry matter content
measures the combined effect of air temperature and wind speed on animals
wind chill index
has a greater negative impact on animals than still cold air
Moving cold air
Providing a ? during cold weather helps reduce cold stress in animals.
windbreak
declines when temperatures fall outside an animal’s comfort zone, leading to economic losses for livestock producers.
Feed efficiency
must balance the costs of controlling environmental conditions against potential economic losses when making management decisions
Producers
can support animals during extreme temperatures
Nutritional adjustments
In cold weather, animals require more ?, though their protein needs remain close to those within their comfort zone.
energy
in hot weather, animals eat less, so adding ? to their diet can help maintain calorie intake, as ? generates less metabolic heat than protein or carbohydrates.
Fat
Additionally, increasing the ? percentage in the diet during hot weather may help meet the animals’ nutritional needs despite lower feed intake.
protein
