Environ Mental Flashcards
The Montreal Protocol was signed when
1987
How many countries signed Montréal protocol?
196 nations and the European Union
What is the Montréal protocol?
It is an international treaty aimed to protect the ozone layer( in outer atmosphere) by phasing out the production of numerous substances, especially CFC that are responsible for causing hole in the ozone layer, which saves the Earth from harmful ultraviolet rays coming from the sun
The agreement is the success story. It helped to repair the ozone layer.
Rio summit when
1992 at rio Brazil
What is the rio summit
1992 Rio Summit & UNFCCC: Top level conference, under the UN system, of all nations at Rio, Brazil to devise strategy for stabilizing CHG (greenhouse gases) emissions at safe levels on the basis of equity and in accordance with ‘common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities’
What is agenda 21 under Rio earth summit ?
Developed states should take the lead committing themselves to restore 1990 levels of CHG emissions by the year 2000
UNFCC
United nation framework convention on climate change
UNFCCC was signed by how many governments
181
What is UNFCC
UN framework Convention on Climate Change (UNCCC) was signed by 181 governments; the FCCC was no more than a framework for further action and it contained no legally binding CHG emission targets. The Convention, however, bound signing parties/nations to continue dialogue through Conference of Parties (CoP).
• Since Rio summit, 25 CoP have been held till date. All global negotiations and Climate agreements are signed through the CoP mechanism.
Kyoto protocol
• Climate agreement signed during 3rd CoP under UNFCCC.
• Kyoto Protocol set binding targets for developed states to limit or reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to at least 5.2 per cent below their 1990 levels by 2012(during 2008-12).
National targets varied. The EU and the USA were given targets for reductions of 8 per cent and 7 per cent respectively, while other states, such as Australia, were allowed to exceed their 1990 levels.
Kyoto protocol established 3 innovative market mechanisms for meeting emission targets.
- Clean Dev Mechanism (CDM)
•Developed countries may implement emission reduction projects in developing countries and for that may get CER (certified emission reduction) units, which can be counted towards meeting their emission targets.
• 2. Joint implementation:
• Similar to CDM but the project should be in any other developed countries. ERU (emission reduction units) could be earned from such projects.
• 3. Emission trading The CER and ERU can be sold and purchased like shares. They can be used to meet the CHG emission targets.
• However, the targets set at Kyoto were, arguably, inadequate in terms of achieving the Protocol’s goals; Second, USA never ratified the protocol, Canada left the protocol in
2011; Third, the decision to restrict binding targets only to developed states seriously compromised the goal of CHG emission reduction.
Which coP was the Paris Climate Agreement 2015 signed
21st
How many parties signed Paris climate agreement?
196
Goal of the Paris climate agreement
• The agreement set goal to limit global warming to well below 2 degree compared to pre-industrial levels.
• The agreement legally binds all parties to communicate commitment, in terms nationally determined contribution (NDC), to reduce their CHG emissions in order to reach the goals of the Paris Agreement.
• By 2020, all countries had to submit their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) for reducing CHG emission and other climate change actions by 2035.
When did the Kyoto protocol regime end
2012
