enviroment and population Flashcards

Question

How will climate changes effects on soils impact agriculture

Answer 1

Droughts caused soil to be cracked so seeds can’t be planted Floods will cause leeching(rain removing nutrients from soil) meaning plants can’t get the nutrients needed Changes in temperature causes changes in soils ph Limited fertile soils cause competitions or land

Answer 2

Warmer climates lead to a geographical shit of pests and diseases which will harmfully effect livestock and crops that haven’t been effected by the diseases

Answer 3

The dark/brown thin surface layer of the earth in which plants grow made of organic remains,rock particles,minerals,liquids, gases and organisms

Answer 4

Zonal soils are one of three types of soils. They are developed for a long time so they show characteristics of the climate/biome where they are found. The typos types are podzol and tropical red latosol

Answer 5

Food security is the availability of nutritious foods on a daily basis. This includes the economic and physical access, the utilisation and stability.

Answer 6

``` First green revolution The gene revolution Growth of crops wild relatives Economic growth Improved agricultural productivity Expansion of social protection ```

Answer 7

Aims to help poor and vulnerable people cope with crisis by finding jobs investing in health and education as well as protecting the ageing population. 150 million people worldwide are prevented from falling into extreme poverty Reduces poverty and inequality Helps accomplish a complementary goal But it can be mismanaged by owners

Answer 8

Improving training, farming equipment and high yielding varieties. Equipment makes it easier to grow crops

Answer 9

Trading agreement to and blocks | Trade increases food imports which increases food security

Answer 10

Genetically modified crops Eg . Maya people (,éxito)used to cultivate wild grass in teosinte over thousands of tears to produce maize. E.G. US soy, cotton, and maize crops GM crops are banned in some African countries

Answer 11

mid 20th century Increased food security by increasing the use of machines, pesticides and fertilizers to increase agricultural productivity Caused an increase in calorie intake in Lics Can cause salinization UK, Italy, Philippines, Mexico, India

Answer 12

Increases disease resistance

Answer 13

Chronic= long term persistent condition of food insecurity (6months+) Transitional= short term temporary. Can be caused by season of drought or conflict Seasonal=a condition of food security that reoccurs predictably

Answer 14

- 71.2 degrees North and 156 degrees West - close to the North Pole and Artic circle - Covers 20% of the Earth 

Answer 15

- 5 degrees North and South of the equator - West and central Africa - South and South east Asia - Central South America and Central America

Answer 16

- average temperature: --28 degrees Celsius - temperatures can fall to -70 degrees Celsius - temperatures can rise to 12 degrees Celsius in summer months - cold deserts: annual precipitation less than 250mm - strong icy winds - summers: several weeks of continuous daylight: sun shines 24 hours a day - summer between May and September

Answer 17

- average temperatures of 25 degrees Celsius in cool seasons - average temperatures as high as 32 degrees Celsius in hot seasons - smaller range in temperature: 7 degrees Celsius - seasonal reversal of winds: onshore during one season and offshore during other season - heavy rainfall when winds are onshore on the mainland - rains throughout the year - hot wet season: July to October - cool dry season: November to February - average precipitation is 1500mm but this varies

Answer 18

- barren little vegetation: trees cannot grow due to permafrost short summers and seasonal waterlogging - majority of soil is permafrost - growing season is 50-60 days long - thin soils are relatively fertile - only low growing plants can be supported: shrubs, mosses, heaths: cotton grass and cushion plants

Answer 19

- abundant plant growth - tree heights vary between 12m and 30m - 4 strata layers

Answer 20

Animals adapt in ways to keep themselves warm and find food - polar bears: white appearance, thick fur, a small surface are to volume ratio, greasy coat to help with swimming, large feet - Artic fox: thick insulating coat, camouflage (winter fox is white, in spring and summer the fox is brown or grey), small pointed and directional ears to prevent heat loss and make it easier to hunt prey

Answer 21

Animals adapt to life in the trees and heavy foliage -adaptations include bright colours and sharp patterns, loud vocalisations and fruit diets - Jaguars - orangutans - sloths

Answer 22

- indigenous people have been using resources in polar tundra regions sustainably for years by hunting only what is necessary for 20,000 years - this way of life and culture is under threat from large scale developments - mining: mines opened for resources like gold and diamonds - oil rigs: drilled into the sea In Alaska oil is exported from Prudhoe Bay oil fields in raised pipes above ground to the ice free port of Valdez - Tourism: holiday/ski resorts - snowmobiling, visiting reindeer farms and reindeer sledding, viewing polar lights, husky safaris, fishing/ice fishing, boat tours and whale-watching. - illegal hunting: threatening the numbers of certain species, eg whales. - gas extraction: Arctic already supplies the world with roughly 10 per cent of its oil and 25 per cent of its natural gas -  estimated to hold 22 per cent of the Earth’s undiscovered oil and natural gas reserves

Answer 23

- farming: relies on the wet summer months to grow crops - variations in rainfall will impact agriculture and the economy - 2009 little rain fell during summer in the Indian monsoon: farm animals starved and crops were sold for a fraction of the normal costs as farmers grew desperate - 2008 cyclone in Myanmar destroyed 2008/2009 harvests - rice growing: example: rice paddies on Irrawaddy delta in Myanmar - wheat, rice, vegetables, cotton, tea sold - more land is used for crops in India than any other country (215 million acres - animal rearing - coastal fishing: strong winds can prevent this during the summer in south Asia reducing income - hydropower: monsoon rain can be harnessed for power - 25% of India’s electricity comes from hydropower - water purification systems: these can become contaminated during floods with diseases like cholera

Answer 24

- air pollution: artic clouds are very sensitive to air pollution - impacts clouds formation - has a blackening effect - black carbon from diesel engines, fires and other combustion can settle on snow - decreases ability to reflect sunlight: causes faster melting - chemicals used in coolants and aerosols sprays have caused ozone depletion at the poles: lets in stronger ultraviolet rays - toxic mercury sent into atmosphere due to industrial activity - industrial activity: drilling wells can thaw permafrost, heavy vehicles and construction can damage soil, increased risk from toxic spills - Seismic testing for oil and gas operations in the 1980s left tracks on the tundra that are still visible decades later. - Russian mining giant admits pumping wastewater into Arctic tundra - 6,000 cubic metres of liquid used to process minerals at the facility had been dumped, and that the discharge had lasted “several hours - invasive and migrating species - snow geese have learned to feed on farmlands rather than in the wild on their migration routes: increasing populations: threatened to degrade their tundra nesting sites

Answer 25

- deforestation - Large-scale deforestation could cause monsoon rains to shift south, cutting rainfall in India by nearly a fifth, scientists say. - release of Carbon Dioxide causing temperature increase in areas - cutting of mangroves in bay of Bengal - threats to wildlife: poaching - 216 leopards. 40 tigers. 43 rhinos. 100 elephants. Innumerable birds and reptiles have been illegally hunted in India in the last 18 months - increasing rainfall - For every degree Celsius of warming, monsoon rainfalls will likely increase by about 5%, - too much rainfall during other growing states can harm plants — including rice on which the majority of India’s population is depending for sustenance - Vietnam, 2016: reduced rainfall as a result of intensified La Niña conditions, induced by climate change, caused 2,000,000 people to experience water insecurity, with 600,000 hectares of crops being affected and damaged, triggering a humanitarian crisis.  - 51 animals have been reported dead, with four rhinos drowned in the flooded  Kaziranga National Park in India -  80 percent of the park underwater following the recent monsoon rains, 

Answer 26

- invasive and migrating species due to increasing temperature - red foxes are moving up north towards tundra and competing with the artic fox for food and territory - increasing number of parasites damaging food sources: impact artic natives like caribou - shrubs and wolf spiders are thriving - melting sea ice: destroys habitat - 80 percent of sea ice volume (thickness) and much of the old multiyear ice have melted. - When the sea ice melts, the bears remain trapped on land, and must survive on reserves of fat. This results in weaker bears with high mortality of offspring.

Answer 27

-increasing rainfall - For every degree Celsius of warming, monsoon rainfalls will likely increase by about 5%, - too much rainfall during other growing states can harm plants — including rice on which the majority of India’s population is depending for sustenance - Vietnam, 2016: reduced rainfall as a result of intensified La Niña conditions, induced by climate change, caused 2,000,000 people to experience water insecurity, with 600,000 hectares of crops being affected and damaged, triggering a humanitarian crisis.  - 51 animals have been reported dead, with four rhinos drowned in the flooded  Kaziranga National Park in India -  80 percent of the park underwater following the recent monsoon rains, 