ENT summary flashcards
what are the 4 bilateral paraympathetic ganglion of the head and neck?
CN3 - ciliary
CN 6 - pterygopalatine
CN 9 - submandibular
CN X - otic ganglion
what are the arterial supplies of epistaxis?
opthalamic artery - antieror + posterior ethmoid artery
maxillary artery - sphenopalatine artery + greater palatine artery
facial artery - septal branch of superior labial artery
histology of nasal vestibule
stratified squamous epithelium
histology of olfactory epithelium
specialised mucosa for olfaction
the olfaction pathway
receptor cells in olfactory epithelium > cribiform plate > synapse with olfactory bulb > neurons pass along olfactory tract > to temporal lobe + olfactory areas
describe tensor tympani muscle
runs from cartilaginous part of ET to handle of malleolus
dampens sound by reducing tympanic vibrations
what is tensor tympani innervate by
CN 3
what is the stapedius muscle
runs from pyramidal to neck of stapes
dampens sound by decreaseing vibration of stapes on oval window
what is stapidus muscle innervated by
CN VII
which muscles open ET to equalise pressure?
palate muscles
tensor veli palatine + levator palatine
what happens if the ATM >tymp membrane
tympanic membrane pushes in
what happens in ATM < tymp membrane
TM pushes out
which CN is responsible for generalised sensation of tympanic cavity?
CN IX (it travels down the ET)
which CN innervates the back of the ear? (orange)
C2,3 via lesser occipital nerve
which CN innervates speckles on the inside of ear? yelllow
CN VII
which CN innervates the larger surface area of extenrnal ear? purple
C2,3 spinal nerves via greater auricular nerve
which CN innervates the medial part of extenral ear ? green
CN V3 via auriculotemporal nerve
which CN innervates inferior parts of EAM + tympanic membrane ? blue
CN X
what is the bony labrinth filled with?
perilymph
what is the membranous labrynth filed with ?
endolymph
what is the parasympathetic secretomotor supply of the facial nerve?
lacrimal gland + minor glands of nasal cavity, palate and nasopharynx
where is the primary auditory cortex located?
left superior temporal gyrus
broadman area 41/42
what are the muscles of the inner ear?
kinocilium + stereocilium
how do each afferent takes fibres reach the brainstem ?
CN 7 - chorda tymapni branch of facial nerve - anterior 2/3rds of tongue
CN IX - posterior 1/3rd of tongue
CN x - areas other than the tongue eg epiglottis + pharynx
what is bechets disease?
recurrent oral + genital ulcers
uveitis
visceral organs
treatment for bacterial sore throat
penicllin
complcaitions of bacterial sore throat
rheumatic fever - 3 weeks post sore throat, fever, arthritis, pancarditis
glomerulonephritis - 1-3 weeks post sore throat, haematomy, albuminuria + oedema
what is included in the centor criteria
tonsillary exudate
tender anterior cervical lymph nodes
history of fever > 38
absence of cough
describe the charcateristcs of diptheria?
severe sore throat with a grey membrane across the pharynx
how to treat diptheria
penicillin
vaccine
treatment of candida
nyastin / fluconazole
treatment of OE
topical aural toilet + clomitrazole
treatment of acute sinusisit
phenoxymethylpenicillin if >10 days
histology of cholesteatoma
abnormal squamoous epithelium where its normally cuboidal or columnar glandular epithelium
describe vestibular scwannoma
- temporal bone
90% Of cerebellopontine angle tumours
if vestibular scwannoma presents bilaterally in a young patient what do you suspect?
NF2
is GPA ANCA + or -
+
describe schneriderian papilloma
> 50 males
blocked nose
inverted + oncocystic on lateral walls + paranasal sinuses, enophytic on nasal septum
describe paraganglioma
tumours arising in clusters of neuroendocrine cells dispersed through the body
chromaffin + (adrenal medulla) or - (aortic/carotid bodies)
what is warthrins tumour?
2nd most common benign tumour
M >50
smoking association
bilateral and multicentric
what is the most common malignant tumour of the palate?
adenoid cystic
what is the courseof CN XII
medulla - hypoglossal canal - descends close to carotid sheath - courses lateral to hypoglossus into floor of mouth
which space allows for infction to spread to the mediastinum?
retropharyngeal space
sensory component of gag reflex, innervated by what?
stimuli presented to posterior 1/3 of tongue
innervated by CN IX
motor component of gag reflex, innervated by what
closes off orophaarynx by muscular contraction
constriction of pharynx - CN X
longitudinal muscles of pharynx CN IX + X
tongue - CN XII
selt palate - CN X
describe what the thyroarytenoid muscle does?
relaxes vocal ligament
decreases pitch
attaches posterior thyroid to anterior arytenoid cartilage
describe what the cricothyroid muscle does?
tenses vocal ligaments
increases pitch
nods thyroid cartilage
attaches anteriolateral cricoid cartialge to inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
what innervates mucosa above vocal folds?
internal laryngeal nevre
what innervates mucosa below vocal folds?
inferior laryngeal nerve
describe noise induced hearing loss
dip at 4htz
drug induced hearing loss
gentamicin + aminoglucosides
pathology behind BPPV
otoconia from urticle displcaement into posterior semicurcular canals
histology of tonsils
speciliased squamous
histology of adenoids
ciliated pseudosratified columnar
which classificaiton is used for allergic rhinitis?
ARIA
