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AY ENT > ENT pathology > Flashcards

ENT pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What lines the auditory meatus and external canal?

A

Epidermis (skin)

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2
Q

What lines the middle ear?

A

Columnar lined mucousa

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3
Q

What is the other name for the mucosa that lines the nose/sinuses?

A

Schneiderian epithelium (same as squamous)

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4
Q

What are the 2 components of a salivary gland?

A

Acinar component

Ductular component

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5
Q

What are serous cells?

A

Darklu staining cells that contain digestive enzymes (amylase etc.)

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6
Q

What is OM?

A

Inflammation of the middle ear

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7
Q

Most common bacterial causes of OM

A

Strep. pneumonaie
H. influenzae
Moxarella Catarrhalis

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8
Q

What is the most likely causative organism if OM is chronic?

A

Pseudomonas aerguinosa

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9
Q

What is a cholesteatoma?

A

Squamous epithelium in the middle ear (should be columnar)

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10
Q

What other histological findings are consistent with cholesteatoma?

A

High cell turnober
Abundant keratin production
Associated inflammation

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11
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma?

A

Chronic OM and perforated tympanic membrane

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12
Q

Where do vestibular schwannomas occur?

A

Within the temporal bone

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13
Q

If bilateral vestibular schwannomas in a young patient what should be considered?

A

NF type II

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14
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of NF type I?.

A

Autosomal dominant

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15
Q

Clinical presentation of NF type I?

A 
Widespread neurofibromas 
Bony defects 
Cafe au lait spots 
Axillary freckling 
Lisch nodules (eyes)
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16
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of NF type II?

A

AD but usually sporadic

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17
Q

Clinical presentation of NF type II?

A

Bilateral vestibular schwannoma
Multiple meningiomas
Gliomas
Cafe au lait

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18
Q

What should be considered in nasal polyps in young children?

A

CF

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19
Q

Aetiologies of nasal polyps

A 
Allergy 
Infection 
Asthma 
Aspirin sensitivity 
Nickel exposure
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20
Q

Features of nasal polyps

A

Fluid filled sacs (“red grapes”) up nose

Not painful

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21
Q

What type of reaction is allergic rhinitis?

A

IgE mediated type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

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22
Q

What is Wegners?

A

Small vessel vasculitis limitied to respiratory tract and kidneys

23
Q

Clinical presentation of Wegners?

A

Pulmonary
Renal disease
Nasal symptoms of congestion, septal perforation

24
Q

Examples of benign lesions of the nose

A

Squamous papillomas
“Schneiderian” papillomas
Angiofibromas

25
Q

What is the most common malignant lesion of the nose?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

26
Q

Other examples of malignant lesions of the nose

A

Primary adenocarcinoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Neuroblastoma
Lymhoma

27
Q

What is the likely presentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A

High incidence in far east
Males
Strong association with EBV

28
Q

What are laryngeal polyps

A

Reactive change in the laryngeal mucosa

29
Q

Causes of laryngeal polyps

A

Vocal abuse
Infection
Smoking
(occasionally hypothyroidism)

30
Q

What is the difference between laryngeal nodules & polyps?

A

Nothing (they are interchangable terms)

31
Q

Presentation of laryngeal polyps

A

Young women

Unilateral & predunculated

32
Q

What is a contact ulcer?

A

Benign response to injry

33
Q

Causes of contact ulcers

A

Chronic throat/voice abuse

GOrd

34
Q

What age do squamous papillomas tend to arise in?

A

> 5 years
OR
20-24 years

35
Q

What is squamous papilloma related to?

A

HPV exposure (types 6 and 11)

36
Q

Are squamous papillomas more aggressive in children or adults?

A

Children

37
Q

What are paragangliomas?

A

Rare tumours arising in clusters of neuroendocrine cells dispersed throughout the body

38
Q

What 2 categories are paragangliomas split into?

A

Chromaffin positive

Non-chromaffin

39
Q

What are chromaffin positive paragangliomas?

A

Sympathetic nervous system tumours than can secrete catecholamines

40
Q

Where are chromaffin positive paragangliomas usually found?

A

Adrenal meddula

Paravertebral (organ of Zuckerkandl)

41
Q

What are paragangliomas often occuring as part of?

A

MEN

42
Q

Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma

A

Smoking & alcohol

43
Q

What are the majority of squamous cell carcinomas associated with?

A

HPV type 16

44
Q

What is sialolithiasis?

A

Salivary gland stones

45
Q

What does paramyovirus cause?

A

Mumps
Bilateral parotiditis
Orchitis

46
Q

What is there a risk of with paramyovirus?

A

Secondayr meningitis

47
Q

Which salivary gland is the most common site for almost all tumour?

A

Parotid gland

48
Q

What is the most common salivary gland tumour?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

49
Q

Who usually presents with a pleomorphic adenoma?

A

Females over 60 in parotid with long history

50
Q

What is the second most common benign salivary tumour?

A

Warthin’[s tumour

51
Q

What are the association with Warthin’s tumour?

A

Males oer 50
Rare outwith parotid
Strong association with smoking
Often bilateral& multicentric

52
Q

What is the most common malignant tumour of the salivary gland in the UK?

A

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

53
Q

Which cancers is EBV associated with?

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma
ther B-vell lymphomas
Hodgkin’s lymphoma

AY ENT (11 decks)

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