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AY ENT > ENT Anatomy > Flashcards

ENT Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Why can’t adrenaline be used near the nasal cartillages?

A

They rely on nutrient diffusion & adrenaline vasoconstricts

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2
Q

What are the flares of the nostril called?

A

Ala

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3
Q

What makes up the roof of the ethmoid bone?

A

Cribriform plate

Crista galli

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4
Q

What makes up the lateral wall of the ethmoid bone?

A

Superior & middle conchae

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5
Q

What makes up the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid + vomer

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6
Q

Where does a Le Fort I fracture disrupt?

A

straight across maxilla (moustache)

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7
Q

What shape is a Le Fort II fracture disrupt?

A

Triangle

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8
Q

Why are Le Fort II & III so dangerous?

A

an disrupt cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone resulting in a danger of infection

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9
Q

Why do septal haematomas need to be drained?

A

To prevent AVN of the septal hyaline cartillage

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10
Q

What makes up the mucosa at the entrance of the nasal cavity?

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epitheliam

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11
Q

What makes up the majority of the mucosa of the nasal cavities?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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12
Q

What makes up the most superior section of the nasal mucosa?

A

Olfactory mucosa

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13
Q

What is the function of keratinised, stratified squamous epithelium in the nasal mucosa?

A

Protection

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14
Q

What is the function of the respiratory mucosa in the nose?

A

Mucous secreting goblet cells give moisture to resp system

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15
Q

What is the function of the olfactory mucosa in the nose?

A

Sense of smell

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16
Q

Which cranial nerve is olfactory?

A

CN I

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17
Q

What is the functional of the olfactory nerve?

A

Special sensory

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18
Q

What do receptor cells pass throught to reach the olfactory mucosa?

A

Cribriform plate

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19
Q

Why does the olfactory nerve synapse?

A

The olfactory bulb

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20
Q

Which nerves supply somatic sensory to nasal cavity?

A

CN V1

CN V2

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21
Q

Which branches from the external carotid artery that supply the nose?

A

Facial

Maxillary

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22
Q

Which branch of the internal carotid artery also supplies the nose?

A

Ophthalmic

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23
Q

What is Kiesselbac’s area?

A

Arterial anastomesis on the nasal septum - common site of epistaxis

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24
Q

How to remember the blood supply to the nose?

A

L - Labila/septal
E - Ethmoidal
G - Greater palatine
S- Sphenal palatine

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25
Q

What are meatuses?

A

‘Spaces’ under each concha

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26
Q

What are the 4 eatuses?

A

Sphenoethmoidal (recess)
Superior meatus
Middle meatu
Inferior meatus

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27
Q

Which conchae is not part of the ethmoidal bone?

A

Inferior conchae

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28
Q

What forms the hard palate?

A

Right & left maxillae

Palatine bones

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29
Q

What are ostia?

A

“holes” in the receses & meatuses of the lateral walla which allow drainage of mucous from the paranasal sinuses

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30
Q

How many sinuses are in the frontal bone?

A

2 (separated by bony septum)

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31
Q

How many sinuses are there?

A

2 frontal sinuses
2 maxillary sinuses
2 ethmoidal air cells
1/2 sphenoid sinuses

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32
Q

hat mucosa lines the sinuses?

A

Mucous secreting respiratory mucosa

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33
Q

Functions of paranasal sinuses?

A

Resonate voice
Lighten the head
Buoyancy

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34
Q

Where does the frontal sinus drain?

A

Middle meatus

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35
Q

Where do the ethmoidal air cells drain?

A

Auperior & middle meatuses

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36
Q

Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

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37
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus drain?

A

Middle meatus

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38
Q

What drains into the inferior meatus?

A

Tears (lacrimal fluid)

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39
Q

The pain felt in sinusitis is from which nerves?

A

V1 & V2

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40
Q

Where can the pain be reffered in sinusitis?

A

Teeth

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41
Q

How can a viral URTI cause sinusitis?

A

Swelling of mucosa blocs ostia

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42
Q

Why is the maxillary sinus most predisposed to inflammation?

A

It’s ostia are located superiorly in the medial wall of the sinus so it has to drain against gravity

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43
Q

What is non nasal cause of maxillary sinusitis?

A

Dental abscess

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44
Q

What is the pterion?

A

The thinnest part of the skull

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45
Q

Which nerves pass through the tempral bone?

A 
CN VII (facial enrve) 
CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)
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46
Q

Where does the facial nerve leave the skull?

A

Internal auditory meatus > facial canal > Stylomastoid foramen

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47
Q

Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve leave the skull?

A

Internal auditory meatus

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48
Q

What are the bones of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

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49
Q

What are the bones of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Sphenoid

Temporal

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50
Q

What are the bones of the posterior cranial fossa

A

Temporal & occipital

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51
Q

Where does the optic nerve exit the skull?

A

Optic canal

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52
Q

Where does the occulomotor nerve exit the skull?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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53
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve exit the skull?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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54
Q

Where does CN V1 exit the skull?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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55
Q

Where des CN V2 exit the skull?

A

Foramen rotundum

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56
Q

Where does CN V3 exit the skull?

A

Foramen ovale

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57
Q

When does the abducens nerve exit the skull?

A

Superior orbital fissure

58
Q

Where does the vagus nerve (CN X) exit the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

59
Q

Where does the acessory nerve (CN XI) exit the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

60
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) exit the skull?

A

Hypoglossal canal

61
Q

Where does the external ear go from and to?

A

Auricle to tympanic membrane

62
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

Collects and conveys sound waves to tympanic membrane

63
Q

Where does the middle ear extend from and to?

A

Tympanic membrane to val window (also eustachian tube)

64
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Amplifies & conducts sound waves to th internal ear

65
Q

Where does the internal ear extend from and do?

A

Oval window to internal acoustic meatus

66
Q

What is the function of the internal ear?

A

Converts special sensory information into fluid waves then APs, conduct APs to brain

67
Q

Why should you not use adrenaline around the ear?

A

Avascular elastic cartillage relies on nutrient from skin

68
Q

What glands produce ear wax?

A

Ceruminous glands

69
Q

Which nerve supplies the inferior arts of AM & tympanic membrane?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

70
Q

Which nerves supply the helix and lobe of the ear?

A

C2, 3 spinal nerve

71
Q

Which nerve supplies the tragus?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

72
Q

Which nerve supplies suprior parts of the EAM & most of the tympanic membrane?

A

CN V3 (mandibular nerve)

73
Q

Where does most of the auricle and lobe drain?

A

Superficial cervical lymph nodes

74
Q

Where does the auricle all eventually drain?

A

Deep cervical lymph nodes
Thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct
Venous angle

75
Q

How to straighten EAM in children?

A

Pull auricle posteroinferiorly

76
Q

How to straighten EAM in adults?

A

Pull auricle posterosuperiorly

77
Q

What is the most inwardly dpressed part of the tympanic membrane called?

A

Umbo

78
Q

What is the pars tensa?

A

Thick part of the tympanic membrane

79
Q

What is the pars fleccida?

A

Thin part of the tympanic membrane

80
Q

What should be seen on otoscopic examination?

A

Umbo
Cone of light
Pars tensa & flaccida

81
Q

Which nerve supplies the external surface of the tympanic membrane?

A

CN V3

82
Q

Which nerve supplies the internal surface of the tympanic membrane?

A

CN IX

83
Q

Where does glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) provide sensory innervation to?

A

Middle ear cavity
Eustachian tube
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx

84
Q

What does the eustachian tube connect?

A

Middle ear cavity to nasopharynx

85
Q

What is the difference in sensory supply between naso/oro & laryngopharynx?

A 
Naso/oropharynx = CN IX 
Laryngopharynx = CN X
86
Q

What are the 3 auditory ossicles?

A

Malleus (“mallet”)
Incus (“anvil”)
Stapes (“stirrup”)

87
Q

How does the 3 auditory ossicles articulate?

A

Via synovial joints

88
Q

What creates the umbo?

A

Handle of malleus adherent to tympanic membrane

89
Q

Where is the epitympanic recess?

A

Superior ot the tympanic membrane

90
Q

What is the chorda tympani a branch of?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

91
Q

What does the chorda tympani supply?

A

Taste buds to anterior 2/3rds of tongue

Parasympathetic supply to the mandibular & sublingual salivary glands

92
Q

What is the function of the right stapedius?

A

Reduces stapes movement to protect the internal ear from excessive noise

93
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression?

A

Frontalis
Orbicularis oculi
Elevators of lips
Orbicularis oris

94
Q

What movements can be used to clinically assess muscles of facial expression?

A

Frown
Close eyes tightly
Smile
Puff out cheeks

95
Q

What is contained within the otic capsule?

A

Bony labrinth - fluid (perilymph) filled spaces inside otic capsule

96
Q

What is suspended within the perilymph of the bony labyrinth?

A

Membranous labyrinth
Communicating sacs and ducts
contains endolymph fluid

97
Q

What is the cochlear duct/

A

A long balloon-like structure within the cochlea filled with endolymph

98
Q

Which nerve conducts APs from the cochlea to the brain?

A

Cochlear nerve

99
Q

Which nerve conucts APs from the semicircular duct to the brainstem?

A

Vestibular nerve

100
Q

How is sound transmitted in the internal ear?

A

Sound wvaes make tympanic membrane vibrate
Vibrations transmitted through ossicles

Base of stapes vibrates in oval window
Vibration of stapes creates pressure waves in perilymph
Hair cells in the cochlea are moved, neurotransmitter released, APs stimulated and conveyed to brain by cochlear nerve
Pressure waves descend and become vibrations again
Pressure waves are dampened at the round window

101
Q

Symptoms associated with pathology at the IAM?

A 
Ipsilateral loss of facial expression 
Dry mouth 
Ipsilateral loss of taste 
Reduced tragus sensation 
Ipsilateral loss of hearing 
Ipsilateral loss of balance
102
Q

Why are the lingual veins important clinically?

A

Delivery of sublingual drugs

103
Q

Where is the parotid duct?

A

Crosses masseter and pierces medially through buccinators and opens in the parotid papilla of the buccal mucosa

104
Q

Where is the submandibular duct?

A

Deep to the mucosa of the floor of the mouht and opens on the subligual papilla

105
Q

Where is the sublingual gland?

A

Deep to the mucosa of the floor of the mouth

106
Q

What is the geniculate ganglion?

A

Bend in the facial canal & nerve where sensory ganglion of the facial nerve synapse

107
Q

What is parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland from?

A

CN IX

108
Q

What newrve suplies special sensory to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

CN VII

109
Q

Which nerve supplies general sensory to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

CN V3

110
Q

What is the general and sensory supply to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

CN IX

111
Q

What is the foramen caecum?

A

Origin of the thyroid gland

112
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Change position of tongue (not shape)

113
Q

What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Palatoglossus (from soft palate)
Styloglossus (from styloid process)
Hyoglossus (from hyoid bone)
Genioglossus (from genial tubercles)

114
Q

Which extrinsic muscles are supplied by CN XII?

A

Styloglossus
Hypoglossu
Genioglossus

115
Q

Which nerve supplies palatoglossus?

A

CN X (as is technically a palate muscle)

116
Q

What nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

CN XII (hypoglossal)

117
Q

How is the function of CN XII check clinically?

A

Stick out tongue (tongue will point towards the side of the injured nerve)

118
Q

Where is the palatine tonsil?

A

Tonsillar fossa/sinus (space between the arches)

119
Q

Where are ruggae found in the mouth?

A

Hardpalate

120
Q

What kind of mucosa is on the hard palate?

A

Keratinised squamous

121
Q

What kind of mucosa is on the soft palate?

A

Non-keratinised squamous

122
Q

What are the 5 pairs of muscles of the soft palate?

A 
Levator veli palatinin 
Tensot veli palatini 
Palatoglossus 
Palatopharyngeus 
Musculus uvulae
123
Q

Which muscle supplies themaority of the palate muscles?

A

CN X

124
Q

Which muscle supplies tensor veli palatini?

A

CN V3

125
Q

Functions of the soft palate?

A

Stops food entering nose
irects ar into nose or mouth
Helps close off the entrance into the oropharynx during the gag reflex

126
Q

How to clinically test CN X and CN V3?

A

Ask patient to say “Aahh”

(Uvula wil be pulled aay from non-functioning side) `

127
Q

Which nerve innervates the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

A

CN X

128
Q

Which pharyngeal muscle is supplied by IX?

A

Stylopharyngeus

129
Q

Where do all the pharyngeal constrictor muscles insert?

A

Midline Raphe

130
Q

What are the 3 longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?

A

Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Salpinopharyngeus

131
Q

What are the pharyngeal tonsils also known as?

A

Adenoids

132
Q

Which is the sentinel node of the tonsils?

A

Jugulo-digastric

133
Q

What is enclosed within the pre-tracheal fascia of the neck?

A

The strap muscles
Thyroid muscles
Trachea & larynx

134
Q

What is the function of the strap muscles?

A

Accessory muscles of breathing

135
Q

What level is the cricoid cartillage?

A

Around C6

136
Q

What is the first palpable spinous process?

A

C7

137
Q

At what level does the larynx become the trachea?

A

C6

138
Q

At wat levels does the pharynx become the oesophagus?

A

C6

139
Q

Functions of the larynx

A

Produce sound
Maintain patency of URT
Help revent entry of foreign bodies into LRT

140
Q

What is the epiglottis made of?

A

Elastic cartillage

141
Q

What do the vocal chords attach to anteriorly?

A

Arytenoid processes

AY ENT (11 decks)

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