ENT Pathology Flashcards
What is otitis media
inflammation of the middle ear
What is the most common cuase of otitis media
viral - spread from upper resp tract though Eustachian tube
What are the possible bacterial causes of otitis media
strep pneumonia
h.influenzae
moxarella catarrhalis
What cause the chronic form of otitis media usually
pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is a cholesteoma
a keratinizing squamous epithelium in the middle ear where is should not be
What usually causes a cholesteatoma
chronic otitis media and tympanic membrane rupture
What are the potential complications of a cholesteatoma
invasion of local structure eg facial nerveum
What type of mucosa usually lines the middle ear
columnar or cuboidal glandular epithelium
What type of epithelium usually lines the auditaory meatus and external canal
epidermis (skin)
contains sebaceous and ceruminous gland
Where does a vestibular schwannoma effect
the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve
What should you consider in a bilateral vestibular schwannoma or presentation in a younger patient
neurofibromatosis type 2
Give some features of NF
neurofibromas bony defects café au lait spots axillary freckling lisch nodules
What does the NF 1 gene code for
neurofibromin
What does the NF 2 gene code for
merlin protein
What lines the nasal vestibule
stratified squamous epithelium (keratinised)
What lines the rest of the nose and sinuses
Resp mucosa (schneiderian epithelium)
What is resp mucosa
pseudostratidied ciliated columnar
sero mucinous glands
what age group are nasal polyps not common in
children
what shoud you suspect if you see a nasal polyp in a child
cystic fibrosis
what type of hypersensitivity reaction is hayfever
IgE mediated type 1
what is wegeners granulomatosis
autoimmune disorder characterised by small vessel vasculitis limited to resp tract and kidney
What antibody test is positive in wegners granulomatosis
high frequency of anti neutrophil antibody levels ie ANCA positive
pANCA- microscopic polyangitis
cANCA- WEGNERS
What are nasopharyngeal carcinomas stongly associated with
Epstein barr virus
volatile nitrosamines in food
what other cancers is EBV associated with
burkitts lymphoma, b cell lymphoma, hodgkins lymphoma`
what are laryngeal polpys usually secondary to
vocal abuse
infection
smoking
occasionaly hypothyroidism
what age range do squamous papillomas occur
under 5 - aggressive disease
between20-40
what are squamous papillomas related to
HPV types 6 and 11
what is a paraganglioma
tumours arising in cluster of neuroendocrine cells dispersed thoughout the body
what can paragangliomas arise as part of
MEN2
what hpv strain is related to squamous cell cancer in the neck (oropharynx)
16`
which salivary gland is the most common site for all tumours
parotid
when are salivary gland tumours more likely to be malignant
smaller glands
what is the most common salivary gland tumour
pleomorphic adenoma
usually females
which benigm salivary gland tumour is associated with smoking
warthrins tumour
more common in men
often bilateral
what is the most common malignant tumour of the salivary gland
adenoid cystic carcinoma
